Mufarreh v. Google, Inc.

2026 IL App (1st) 251340

                                            No. 1-25-1340

                                     Opinion filed May 1, 2026

                                                                                    FIFTH DIVISION


                                            IN THE
                                 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                   FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT


  MICHAEL and AMANDA MUFARREH,                            )      Appeal from the
  Individually and for MICHAEL, Their Son,                )      Circuit Court of
                                                          )      Cook County,
         Petitioners-Appellees,                           )      Law Division.
                                                          )
  v.                                                      )      No. 2023 L 011363
                                                          )
  GOOGLE, INC. and YOUTUBE, LLC,                          )      Honorable
                                                          )      Sarah Johnson,
         Respondents                                      )      Judge, presiding.
                                                          )
  (John Doe, Interested Party-Appellant).                 )


       PRESIDING JUSTICE MITCHELL delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justice Oden Johnson and Justice Wilson concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1     Interested Party John Doe appeals the circuit court’s order allowing petitioners Michael

and Amanda Mufarreh, individually and for Michael, their son, to obtain Doe’s identity from

respondents, Google, Inc. and YouTube, LLC, as pre-suit discovery pursuant to Illinois Supreme

Court Rule 224 (eff. Jan. 1, 2018). At issue is whether the circuit court erred in allowing pre-suit

discovery because (1) petitioners fail to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress

and (2) petitioners already know John Doe’s identity, making discovery unnecessary. For the

following reasons, we reverse.
No. 1-25-1340


¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶3     Petitioners Michael and Amanda Mufarreh, individually and for Michael, their son, filed a

petition seeking pre-suit discovery from respondents Google and YouTube pursuant to Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 224 (eff. Jan. 1, 2018). According to the amended petition and an attached

video exhibit, in 2023, 10-year-old petitioner Michael Mufarreh played in a competitive youth

hockey game. Mufarreh missed the final penalty shot, losing the game, and had a severe emotional

response on the ice. Among other things, he screamed, threw his hockey stick, gloves, and helmet,

and fell to the ground.

¶4     On November 2, 2023, YouTube user FunnyIllinoisHockey uploaded a compilation video

of Mufarreh’s emotional episode. The video, entitled “TI Tantrum,” was set to the song “Tantrum”

by Madeline The Person. The video was two minutes and forty-four seconds in length and tracked

Mufarreh’s movements around the ice, zooming in on him as he broke down.

¶5     According to the petition, between November 2023 and April 2024, every time petitioners

sought to have the video taken down, it would reappear. The video spread widely throughout the

small youth hockey community. Mufarreh alleged that he suffered from restless sleep and anxiety

attacks and was humiliated, mocked, and socially ostracized. His parents also alleged that they

endured sleepless nights, psychological distress, and a strain on their marriage. Petitioners alleged

that the video was repeatedly republished “purely to humiliate, isolate, and psychologically

destroy” them. Petitioners also alleged that, based on information and belief, the anonymous

account belonged to a 23-year-old coach from a rival hockey team who was using the video to

recruit kids for his team and keep them away from Mufarreh’s team.




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¶6     Petitioners sought to compel respondents Google and YouTube to disclose the identity of

the user who posted the video so they could sue the user for defamation, infringement on the right

of publicity, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Respondents informed the user of the

litigation, and he appeared as John Doe, an interested party. After several amended petitions, on

Doe’s motion, the circuit court dismissed petitioners’ claims for defamation and infringement on

the right of publicity with prejudice. The circuit court also dismissed the parent’s intentional

infliction of emotional distress claims but allowed petitioners to proceed on the son’s claim.

Accordingly, the circuit court ordered respondents to turn over Doe’s identity. Doe timely filed

this appeal from the circuit court’s order denying his motion to dismiss and granting the pre-suit

discovery request; the discovery order was stayed pending this appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 303 (eff. July

1, 2017); Beale v. EdgeMark Financial Corp., 279 Ill. App. 3d 242, 246 (“[T]he trial court’s order

granting petitioner’s Rule 224 discovery request was a final and appealable order.”).

¶7                                         II. ANALYSIS

¶8     Doe argues that the circuit court erred in allowing pre-suit discovery because the petition

does not sufficiently state a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

Specifically, Doe argues that (1) the conduct alleged in the complaint is not extreme and

outrageous, (2) petitioners cannot rely on their theory of Doe’s identity to establish intent, (3) the

allegations contradict the claim that Mufarreh suffered severe emotional distress, and (4) the

petition fails to sufficiently allege that Doe’s conduct was the actual and proximate cause of

Mufarreh’s purported emotional distress. Petitioners argue that the facts alleged sufficiently

support a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress under the limited Rule 224 inquiry.

Rule 224 requires the petitioner to show that the proposed discovery is necessary. Ill. S. Ct. R.


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224(a)(1)(ii). To demonstrate necessity, the petition must present sufficient allegations to state a

claim and withstand a motion to dismiss under section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735

ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2024)). See Hadley v. Doe, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 27. We review the legal

sufficiency of the petition under section 2-615 de novo. Id. ¶ 29.

¶9     “In ruling on a section 2-615 motion to dismiss, the court must accept as true all well-

pleaded facts in the complaint ***.” Feltmeier v. Feltmeier, 207 Ill. 2d 263, 267 (2003). The court

must also consider attached exhibits. Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 29. Claims of intentional infliction

of emotional distress are held to a heightened pleading standard so “must be more specific and

detailed than normally permissible in pleading a tort action.” Benton v. Little League Baseball,

Inc., 2020 IL App (1st) 190549, ¶ 64. “[T]o state a cause of action for intentional infliction of

emotional distress, a plaintiff must adequately allege that: (1) the defendant’s conduct was extreme

and outrageous; (2) the defendant either intended to inflict severe emotional distress or knew that

there was a high probability that its conduct would do so; and (3) the defendant’s conduct actually

caused severe emotional distress.” Chang Hyun Moon v. Kang Jun Liu, 2015 IL App (1st) 143606,

¶ 23 (citing McGrath v. Fahey, 126 Ill. 2d 78, 86 (1988)).

¶ 10   Whether conduct is extreme and outrageous is determined using an objective standard

considering the facts and circumstances. Duffy v. Orlan Brook Condominium Owners’ Ass’n, 2012

IL App (1st) 113577, ¶ 36. “Extreme and outrageous behavior will not be found with mere insults,

indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or trivialities.” Id. “Liability has been found

only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go

beyond all possible bounds of decency.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Public Finance Corp.

v. Davis, 66 Ill. 2d 85, 90 (1976). The conduct must “be regarded as intolerable in a civilized


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No. 1-25-1340


community.” Kolegas v. Heftel Broadcasting Corp., 154 Ill. 2d 1, 21 (1992). Conduct is extreme

and outrageous if “recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would arouse

his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim, ‘Outrageous!’ ” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Doe v. Calumet City, 161 Ill. 2d 374, 392 (1994) (quoting Restatement (Second)

of Torts § 46 (1965)). “The defendant’s conduct must be extreme or outrageous and must exceed

all possible bounds of decency.” Bruce L. Ottley, Rogelio A. Lasso, and Michelle J. Poelle, Illinois

Tort Law § 3.02 at 3-6 (4th ed. 2024).

¶ 11   According to the petition, Doe posted a video to YouTube that depicted Mufarreh having

a strong emotional reaction to missing a penalty shot. The video shows Mufarreh having a

breakdown on the ice with incidents of screaming, throwing his gear, and falling to the ground.

However, the petition also alleged that Mufarreh is a star youth hockey player who regularly

competes in high-profile tournaments that “are streamed live with commentary.” This suggests

Mufarreh was accustomed to playing in games that were public, high stakes, scrutinized, and

recorded for online viewers.

¶ 12   Additionally, “Illinois cases in which intentional infliction of emotional distress has been

sufficiently alleged have in fact very frequently involved a defendant who stood in a position of

power or authority relative to the plaintiff.” McGrath v. Fahey, 126 Ill. 2d 78, 87 (1988). This

situation does not involve any abuse of power over Mufarreh. Petitioners did not allege that Doe

abused any position of authority. Rather, Doe posted a video depicting public events. Further,

petitioners do not contend that the video was altered or inaccurate.

¶ 13   In other complaints involving media, the extreme and outrageous conduct was far more

egregious than the conduct at issue here. See, e.g., Green v. Chicago Tribune Co., 286 Ill. App. 3d


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No. 1-25-1340


1, 13 (1996) (“We hold plaintiff stated a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional

distress caused by the Tribune when it barred her from seeing her dead son on December 31 while

it photographed him, and when it published the January 1 article featuring her statements to her

son and the photograph of him lying dead.”); Kolegas, 154 Ill. 2d at 22-23 (concluding radio

announcers’ conduct was sufficiently extreme and outrageous where they broadcast derogatory

remarks about plaintiff’s wife and child with neurofibromatosis throughout the larger Chicago area

and implied they had deformed heads and were hideous). Additionally, the Illinois Supreme Court

in Kolegas highlighted that the radio announcers who behaved outrageously “had access to

channels of communication,” whereas “the plaintiffs had no similar access to the public,” so were

deprived “of the opportunity to deny or rebut [the] false statements.” Kolegas, 154 Ill. 2d at 22.

Due to this communication imbalance, the radio announcers had power over the plaintiffs. Id. at

22-23. The same is not true for petitioners here, who also had access to Doe’s channels of

communication, the internet, if they wished. There was no power imbalance.

¶ 14   Moreover, while the plaintiffs in Green and Kolegas were identified by name in the

respective publications, Mufarreh is not recognizable from the video. See Green, 286 Ill. App. 3d

at 8; Kolegas, 154 Ill. 2d at 7. The recording is filmed from a distance and is of poor quality,

making Mufarreh’s face blurry, pixelated, and not clearly depicted. Neither is his name or other

identifying information on his jersey visible to the camera. Nothing distinguishes him from the

other players on his team. Ultimately, unless a viewer already knew it was Mufarreh, they would

not be able to identify him from the video. Thus, considering the totality of the facts and

circumstances, posting the video to YouTube does not go “beyond all possible bounds of decency,




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No. 1-25-1340


such that a reasonable person would hear the facts and be compelled to feelings of resentment and

outrage.” Duffy, 2012 IL App (1st) 113577, ¶ 36.

¶ 15   Petitioners argue that Doe engaged in a series of repetitive actions beyond an isolated

incident, making his behavior more outrageous. See Pavlik v. Kornhaber, 326 Ill. App. 3d 731,

746 (2001) (“It may be the pattern, course and accumulation of acts that make the conduct

sufficiently extreme to be actionable, whereas one instance of such behavior might not be.”).

Petitioners alleged that “from November 2023 to April 2024,” Doe “constantly spread[ ] the video

throughout the youth hockey community” through a “malicious and relentless social media

campaign.” However, petitioners only alleged that Doe posted the video to YouTube. They did not

allege any other facts as to how Doe spread the video throughout the small community or what his

“relentless social media campaign” entailed. Petitioners also claimed that “the damage here arose

by John Doe’s persistent publication of the video,” and that “every time it was taken down, the

video would re-appear.” But petitioners provided no other factual allegations about Doe’s

persistent publication, such as how many times, if at all, he reuploaded the video to YouTube. It

is not clear from petitioners’ allegations whether the video continued to “re-appear” because

YouTube unflagged the video or because Doe reuploaded the video. But regardless, the conduct

alleged is not actionable because it cannot be characterized as “atrocious, and utterly intolerable

in a civilized community.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Pavilon v. Kaferly, 204 Ill. App. 3d

235, 245 (1990) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 (1965)).

¶ 16   Petitioners also argue that because Mufarreh was a 10-year-old child, he was particularly

susceptible to emotional distress. See McGrath, 126 Ill. 2d at 90 (“Behavior which (though rude,

abrasive or extremely inconsiderate) may not otherwise be actionable may be deemed outrageous


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No. 1-25-1340


if the defendant knows that the plaintiff is peculiarly susceptible to emotional distress.”). But

“peculiar susceptibility unaccompanied by major outrage cannot of itself raise the defendants’

conduct to the level of extreme and outrageous.” Rudis v. National College of Education, 191 Ill.

App. 3d 1009, 1015 (1989). “Conduct may be discriminatory, blameworthy, highly inappropriate,

and reprehensible, but that does not make it actionable as intentional infliction of emotional

distress.” Benton, 2020 IL App (1st) 190549, ¶ 69.

¶ 17    Petitioners were also required to show that Doe “either intended that his [ ] conduct should

inflict severe emotional distress or knew there was a high probability” that his conduct would do

so. Rekosh v. Parks, 316 Ill. App. 3d 58, 66 (2000), abrogated on other grounds by Cochran v.

Securitas Security Services USA, Inc., 2017 IL 121200. However, petitioners alleged that Doe “is

using the video as a weapon to recruit kids to his program and keep kids away from Team Illinois.”

Thus, petitioners alleged Doe’s intent was to benefit his team, not to cause Mufarreh severe

emotional distress. Elsewhere, petitioners alleged the video was posted “purely to humiliate,

isolate, and psychologically destroy the Mufarrehs,” but these allegations are conclusory and

insufficient on their own. See Welsh v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 306 Ill. App. 3d 148, 155

(1999) (“A pleading which merely paraphrases the elements of a cause of action in conclusory

terms is not sufficient.”).

¶ 18    Likewise, petitioners needed to allege that “the defendant’s conduct actually caused severe

emotional distress.” Chang Hyun Moon, 2015 IL App (1st) 143606, ¶ 23. “To constitute severe

distress, the distress inflicted must be so severe that no reasonable man could be expected to endure

it; fright, horror, grief, shame, humiliation, worry, etc. alone are not actionable.” (Emphasis in

original and internal quotation marks omitted.) McGrath v. Fahey, 163 Ill. App. 3d 584, 589


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No. 1-25-1340


(1987). Petitioners alleged that Mufarreh “endured persistent psychological torment” and was

“terrorized.” They alleged that Mufarreh suffered “severe sleep deprivation” due to “repeated

nights of restless sleep, haunted by the humiliation and social ostracization caused by the video’s

relentless circulation.” Mufarreh was “emotionally paralyzed,” enduring “anxiety attacks” and

withdrawing from friends and hockey. Although petitioners alleged Mufarreh suffered from

humiliation and anxiety, “[m]erely characterizing emotional distress as severe is not sufficient.”

Welsh, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 156. “[T]he plaintiffs generally allege that they suffered anxiety,

humiliation, and extreme and severe emotional distress, but the complaint contains no factual

allegations from which the level of severity of the emotional distress could be inferred.” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 155. Without more specificity, petitioners’ allegations that

Mufarreh endured restless sleep and anxiety attacks are insufficient to meet the heightened

pleading standard for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

¶ 19      Lastly, petitioners argue that if they were required to conclusively establish every element

before discovery, Rule 224 would be nullified where, as here, anonymous speech is involved.

However, this concern is precisely why “a Rule 224 petitioner [must only] provide allegations

sufficient to overcome a section 2-615 motion to dismiss.” Stone v. Paddock Publications, Inc.,

2011 IL App (1st) 093386, ¶ 18. The appellate court concluded that this requirement would

adequately balance “a plaintiff’s right to seek redress” with “the right to speak anonymously.” Id.

¶¶ 16-18, 35. Petitioners fail to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, so have

not satisfied this standard. Thus, the circuit court erred in granting their petition for pre-suit

discovery. Because we reverse on these grounds, we need not address Doe’s other arguments on

appeal.


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No. 1-25-1340


¶ 20                                 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 21   The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is reversed.

¶ 22   Reversed.




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No. 1-25-1340




                 Mufarreh v. Google, Inc., 2026 IL App (1st) 251340


Decision Under Review:     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 2023 L
                           011363; the Hon. Sarah Johnson, Judge, presiding.


Attorneys                  Allen R. Perl, Bridgette M. Moran, and Christopher M.
for                        Goodsnyder, of Perl & Goodsnyder, Ltd., for appellant.
Appellant:


Attorneys                  Matthew M. Wawrzyn, of FisherBroyles, LLP, for appellees.
for
Appellees:




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