State v. Woods

[Cite as State v. Woods, 2026-Ohio-1204.]




                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                    :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,              :
                                                           No. 114861
                v.                                :

TERENCE WOODS,                                    :

                Defendant-Appellee.               :


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 2, 2026


         Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                            Case No. CR-24-696480-A


                                            Appearances:

                Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                Attorney, and Tasha L. Forchione, Assistant Prosecuting
                Attorney, for appellant.

                James J. Hofelich, for appellee.
ON RECONSIDERATION:1

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, A.J.:

               Plaintiff-appellant State of Ohio (“State”) appeals the trial court’s

decision granting defendant-appellee Terence Woods’s (“Woods”) motion to

suppress evidence obtained in a warrantless search of his apartment finding that

the search and seizure violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Specifically, the

issues before us are (1) whether Woods consented to police officers entering his

apartment; and (2) whether the officers’ subsequent protective sweep of the

apartment including Woods’s bedroom was justified.              Following a thorough

review of the record and applicable legal authority, we affirm the trial court’s

decision.

      I. Procedural History

               Following a warrantless search of his apartment where a weapon

was found, Woods was charged with having weapons while under disability, a

third-degree felony with a furthermore specification that Woods owned and or

possessed the weapon “which was contraband and/or property derived from or

through the commission or facilitation of the offense, and/or was an

instrumentality the offender used or intended to use in the commission or

facilitation of the offense.” Woods entered a not guilty plea and shortly thereafter


      1 The original decision in this appeal, State v. Woods, 2025-Ohio-5344 (8th Dist.),

released on November 26, 2025, is hereby vacated. This opinion, issued upon
reconsideration, is the court’s journalized decision in this appeal. See App.R. 22(C); see
also S.Ct.Prac.R. 7.01.
filed a motion to suppress, alleging that the search violated his Fourth

Amendment protections. The court held a suppression hearing after which the

trial court granted Woods’s motion to suppress. The State appeals, proffering one

assignment of error for our consideration:

     The trial court erred in granting the motion to suppress where the entry
     was supported by implied consent and the firearm was recovered in
     plain view during a lawful protective sweep.

     II. Factual History

             The sole witness at the hearing, Lieutenant Gregory Drew

(“Lt. Drew”) of the Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority police (“CMHA”)

testified that he, along with two other officers, were investigating a burglary on

October 22, 2024. They were looking to speak to an individual named Alexis, the

owner of a Range Rover that the burglary suspect had already been arrested in, and

“that pointed to additional breaking and enterings and burglaries that happened in

various jurisdictions[.]” (Tr. 11.) The vehicle was parked at a CMHA apartment

complex. The officers spoke to the property manager, who indicated that Alexis

would likely be in apartment 209, which was leased by Woods, or apartment 210.

             The officers contacted dispatch with Woods’s name and were

informed that Woods had an active misdemeanor warrant relating to unpaid traffic

fines with the Bratenahl Police Department. None of the officers verified the

warrant or inquired as to whether Bratenahl wanted Woods arrested. Nonetheless,

the officers knocked at apartment 209 and, after some time, Woods, who is hearing
impaired, came out into the hallway, shutting the door behind him while speaking

to the officers. Lt. Drew testified that

       [Woods] came to the door, and I told him we had a warrant for his
       arrest with Bratenahl. I asked him about Alexis. I think I asked if she
       was in the apartment. He indicated that he was home alone. And I
       motion, “Let’s go inside and talk,” he turned around and walked into
       his apartment, and we followed behind. We had a conversation inside.

(Tr. 13.)

               Lt. Drew elaborated that Woods “even sort of held the door open a

little bit as I went through the threshold so the door wouldn’t close on me.” (Tr. 14.)

Following this testimony, the body-camera footage of the interaction was played for

the court. It is undisputed that Woods never verbally consented to the officers’

entry into the apartment, nor did the officers ever verbally ask for permission to

enter the apartment. Upon entry, Lt. Drew spoke with Woods in the living room

area while the other officers, without permission, immediately proceeded to the

bedroom and conducted a protective sweep.

               Lt. Drew testified that during the protective sweep, officers located a

firearm in a bedroom that was in plain view. A criminal history check indicated that

Woods was under disability and prohibited from possessing a firearm.

Subsequently, Woods was arrested, resulting in the charges that form the basis of

the indictment.

               At the close of the suppression hearing, the trial court withheld its

decision but made the following relevant statements on the record:
      So the court’s concern is the elephant that is not inside the room. If this
      was an issue where you have something that is seen apparently right
      there in plain view, or search incident to arrest, which means the
      l[o]unge area, that would be a very different thing. In other words, had
      the gun, or the elephant, been in the room where the defendant was.

      So before the court is whether or not the police can actually go into
      other rooms. And the exception that you are asking the court to follow
      swallows up the general rule here that warrantless searches are per se
      unreasonable.
      ...

      There was no search incident to his arrest. That is the immediate area.
      Can an exigency be boot[-]strapped into a consensual entry into the
      home anyways?

(Tr. 47-49.)

       III. Law and Analysis

               The Fourth Amendment guarantees “the right of the people to be

secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches

and seizures[.]” Ohio Const., amend. IV; U.S. Const., amend. IV. A search violates

the Fourth Amendment “‘when the government gains evidence by physically

intruding on [a] constitutionally protected area[]’” or when the intrusion violates

an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy. State v. Diaw, 2025-Ohio-2323,

¶ 10, quoting Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 11 (2013). Warrantless searches are

per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment, and the State bears the burden

of establishing that the search falls into an exception to the warrant

requirement. State v. Wintermeyer, 2019-Ohio-5156, ¶ 18, citing State v. Kessler,

53 Ohio St.2d 204, 207 (1978).
              Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact. State v. Burnside, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. When ruling on a motion

to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and is in the best position

to resolve questions of fact and evaluate witness credibility. See State v. Dunlap, 73

Ohio St.3d 308, 314 (1995); State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20

(1982). Accordingly, we must defer to the trial court’s factual findings if competent,

credible    evidence     exists    to    support      such     findings.     Burnside at

¶ 8; Dunlap at id.   However, the appellate court must still independently

determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts

satisfy the applicable legal standard. Burnside at id., citing State v. McNamara,

124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707 (4th Dist. 1997).

                Our judicial district reviews appeals from lower court decisions

granting or denying motions to suppress without factual findings when the parties

did not specifically request factual findings and where the record provides a

sufficient basis to review the assigned errors. See, e.g., State v. Parrish, 2023-Ohio-

3356, ¶ 9 (8th Dist.). Here, the State concedes in its brief that the relevant factual

findings are not in dispute because of the available body-camera footage and asks

us to review whether those facts support the court’s decision to suppress the

firearm. Accordingly, a review of whether the undisputed facts herein satisfy a

recognized exception to the presumption that warrantless searches are per se

unconstitutional is warranted.
      A. Consent

              Here, the State first argues that the search was consensual,

referencing voluntary consent, an exception to the per se unreasonableness of

warrantless searches. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227 (1973). When

the State invokes the consent exception, the State must prove that consent was

given freely, voluntarily, and without coercion or duress, which is determined by

examining the totality of the circumstances. Westlake v. Dudas, 2020-Ohio-31, ¶ 11

(8th Dist.); Schneckloth at 227. The totality of the circumstances is viewed

objectively, i.e., whether a reasonable person would determine that entry was

authorized. Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991). The consent need not be

expressly given; it may be implied through words, gestures, or conduct that would

convey to a reasonable officer that entry is permitted. Dudas at ¶ 14. However,

“[k]nowledge of the right to refuse is not a prerequisite to voluntary consent, but

consent must not have been coerced by threats or force or by claim of lawful

authority.” State v. Moncrease, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 1650, *9 (8th Dist. Apr. 13,

2000), citing Schneckloth at 233. “The voluntariness of consent is vitiated by police

statements that lead the person to believe that refusing consent will be

fruitless.” Id. at *9-10, citing State v. Foster, 87 Ohio App.3d 32, 41 (2d Dist. 1993).

              The State asserts that the totality of the circumstances would lead a

reasonable officer to believe that Woods gave implied consent to the officers to

enter his apartment. The State specifically points to (1) Woods’s response that

“there’s no one here but me,” followed by Woods placing his hand on the doorknob
as if inviting the officers in to verify his statement, and opening the door; (2) Lt.

Drew stating, “[C]ome on, let’s talk”; and (3) Woods holding the door as he went

into his apartment.     In contrast, Woods argues that his lack of consent is

demonstrated by (1) the lack of verbal consent; (2) the lack of a gesture inviting the

officers inside; (3) Woods holding the door open only after Lt. Drew crossed the

threshold; (4) Woods completely closing the door behind him when initially

answering the door; and (5) the fact that officers confronted Woods about his

misdemeanor warrant before entering the apartment despite going to the

apartment for the purpose of locating Alexis.

              The State contends that this case is identical to Dudas. In Dudas, the

officers conducted a traffic stop and discovered that the driver took Dudas and a

minor to a hotel known for prostitution, drug trafficking, and human

trafficking. Id. at ¶ 3. The driver informed the police that alcohol left behind in the

vehicle belonged to either Dudas or the minor child. Id. The officers proceeded to

the hotel to conduct a juvenile welfare check and announced the same when

knocking at the hotel room door that Dudas had rented. Id. at ¶ 5. Dudas opened

the door, said nothing, and retreated to lay on the hotel bed. Id. The officers

entered and searched the hotel room and found the intoxicated minor in the

bathroom. Id. This court held that Dudas had given officers implied consent to

enter by opening the door and walking away from it. Id. at ¶ 16.

              The State also asks us to consider State v. Stewart, 2025-Ohio-1189

(8th Dist.). In Stewart, officers went to Stewart’s apartment to arrest him in
connection with an armed robbery. Id. At the time of arrest, Stewart was

shirtless. Id. at ¶ 6. Because it was cold, officers asked Stewart if he wanted to

retrieve a jacket. Id. Stewart responded in the affirmative and “led officers inside

the apartment and walked them back to his bedroom to obtain a shirt and

jacket.” Id. Because Stewart was handcuffed, he directed the officers to a laundry

basket in his bedroom where officers saw, in plain view, a sweatshirt that Stewart

had been accused of stealing. Id. at ¶ 7. Stewart explicitly told officers that they

could not search the apartment, so the officers obtained a valid search warrant and

took possession of the stolen objects, including the sweatshirt that had been seen

by the officer while retrieving a jacket. Id. In his motion to suppress, Stewart

argued that because the basis for the search warrant was obtained by unlawful entry

into his apartment, the stolen items located as a result of the search warrant should

be suppressed. This court disagreed, holding that Stewart’s directing the officers

into his bedroom for the purpose of retrieving his jacket constituted voluntary

consent. Id. at ¶ 19.

              Moreover, a myriad of cases confirm that “[c]ourts have held that ‘a

person can demonstrate consent to enter either expressly or impliedly, in ways such

as opening a door and stepping back or leading an officer through an open door and

not expressing that he should not follow.’” State v. Booker, 2012-Ohio-162, ¶ 22

(8th Dist.), quoting Bainbridge v. Kaseda, 2008-Ohio-2136, ¶ 35 (11th Dist.)

(collecting cases). However, it must be emphasized that these cases provide that

courts may find that a person consented to the search; it is not compulsory. A
reviewing court must still examine the totality of the circumstances leading to the

warrantless intrusion to determine, based on the particular facts of each case,

whether consent was given by the defendant.

             We have independently reviewed the body-camera footage of the

incident at issue and conclude that this footage demonstrates that Woods gave

implied consent to the officers to enter his apartment. Specifically, the body-

camera footage shows Woods exit the apartment and close the door behind him.

When the officer asks him if Alexis is inside, Woods opens the door partway. When

the officer says to Woods “let’s talk,” Woods opens the door and leads him into his

apartment. At no point does Woods indicate that the officers should not follow. As

recognized by the above legal authority, these facts are sufficient to support a

finding of implied consent by a defendant. Therefore, upon viewing this interaction

in its totality, a reasonable officer would have viewed these circumstances as Woods

providing them with implied consent to enter his apartment.

     B. Protective Sweep

             Even though we have determined that Woods gave implied consent

to the officers to enter his apartment, we must next consider whether the

subsequent search or protective sweep by the officers of his bedroom was lawful.

The State argues that the trial court’s ruling was erroneous because “it treated the

officers’ limited protective sweep as a consent-based evidentiary search, and thus

incorrectly concluded that the officers were required to obtain a second, explicit
consent to search the apartment after entering.” The State relies on Maryland v.

Buie, 494 U.S. 325 (1990) for support.

               Buie also carves out an exception to the general rule that warrantless

searches are per se unreasonable. “A ‘protective sweep’ is a quick and limited

search of a premises, incident to an arrest and conducted to protect the safety of

police officers or others.” Id. at 327. The Buie Court, however, limited its ruling to

“what level of justification is required . . . before police officers, while effecting the

arrest of a suspect in [their] home pursuant to an arrest warrant, may conduct a

warrantless protective sweep of all or part of the premises.” Id. The specific facts

of Buie led the Court to conclude that “[p]ossessing an arrest warrant and probable

cause to believe Buie was in his home, the officers were entitled to enter and to

search anywhere in the house in which Buie might be found.” Id. at 332-333.

However, “[o]nce he was found . . . the search for him was over, and there was no

longer that particular justification for entering any rooms that had not yet been

searched.” Id. at 334.

               Buie specifically limited its holding to situations “incident to an

arrest.” Nevertheless, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that “[p]olice officers can

conduct a protective sweep without making an arrest if circumstances warrant.”

State v. Adams, 2015-Ohio-3954, ¶ 188. “In order for officers to undertake a

protective sweep of an area ‘they must articulate facts that would warrant a

reasonably prudent officer to believe that the area to be swept harbored an
individual posing a danger to those on the scene.”’ Id. at ¶ 189, quoting United

States v. Biggs, 70 F.3d 913, 915 (6th Cir. 1995).

              The circumstances of the instant matter, however, did not warrant the

extended nature of the protective sweep. The police were not at Woods’s apartment

to arrest Woods, and Alexis was not under arrest. Woods came to the door

voluntarily and did not show any sort of resistance to the officers. If the officers

intended to act on his misdemeanor arrest warrant, they could have done so when

Woods exited the apartment without incident and without the need to search the

apartment any further. Woods did not resist or protest when he was informed of

the warrant and appeared calm and cooperative. Without consent to enter other

areas of the apartment, and without a reason to believe that their safety was at risk,

the officers could not and did not need to conduct a protective sweep of the bedroom

where they discovered the firearm

              Further, assuming arguendo that Buie, 494 U.S. 325, is applicable to

the facts herein, the protective sweep of the bedroom exceeded the boundaries of

reasonableness pursuant to Buie. Woods was in the other room cooperating with

Lt. Drew and was nowhere within reach of the firearm. And Woods’s demeanor and

assertion that “there’s no one here but me” did not reasonably indicate to the

officers that another individual was in the apartment that could threaten their

safety. The fact that Alexis may have been in Woods’s apartment is insufficient to

justify entrance into the bedroom given the circumstances, especially because it was
not known whether Alexis knew that her vehicle had been used in a burglary at that

time.

                Finally, the State argues that the firearm was in plain view and

therefore could be lawfully seized without a warrant. This concept, however, is

predicated on officers not violating Fourth Amendment protections during the

search where the evidence was found. Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 136-137

(1990). Indeed, based on the totality of the circumstances discussed herein, the

State did not meet its burden of demonstrating that the protective sweep of Woods’s

bedroom fell within a recognized exception to the warrant requirement. Therefore,

this search was violative of Woods’s Fourth Amendment protections and, thus, the

trial court properly granted the motion to suppress. The State’s sole assignment of

error is overruled.

                Judgment affirmed.

        It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

        The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

        It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE

DEENA R. CALABRESE, J., CONCURS;
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., CONCURS (WITH SEPARATE OPINION)


KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., CONCURRING:

              I concur fully with the majority’s judgment affirming the trial court’s

suppression decision because, for the reasons stated by the majority, it is clear that

the search exceeded the boundaries reasonableness and necessity based on the

totality of the circumstances

              I write separately because I disagree with the majority’s conclusion

that Woods voluntarily consented to the search and would have found that Woods

did not consent to the search.

              In Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973), the United States

Supreme Court held that voluntary consent is an exception to per se unreasonable

warrantless searches.

              I emphasize, as the majority does, that Booker, 2012-Ohio-162 (8th

Dist.), and the cases cited in Bainbridge, 2008-Ohio-2136 (11th Dist.), provide that

a court may find that a person consented to the search; it is not compulsory. A

reviewing court must still examine the totality of the circumstances leading to the

warrantless intrusion.
              The case herein presents one such occasion where in the context of all

the established facts, I would find that Woods did not grant voluntary consent to

the officers. The totality of the circumstances herein are unique and distinguishable

from the case law that the State cites, including Dudas and Stewart. Woods was

not a suspect in the burglaries — nor was Alexis. The officers were not knocking on

Woods’s door to arrest him on his unverified misdemeanor warrant. When Woods

answered the door, he closed the door behind him and only opened it after the

police had confronted him about an active warrant and bombarded him with

questions. In addition to the confrontational statements, the view shows that Lt.

Drew moved forward and crossed the threshold before Woods “held” the door open,

telling Woods “come on, let’s talk.” Moreover, officers were given two potential

apartments that the property manager assumed were where Alexis could have been

located, and it is undisputed that the officers did not possess a search warrant for

either apartment and that they were only going to the apartments in furtherance of

a non-exigent investigation.

              The video demonstrates that as soon as Woods opened the door, Lt.

Drew informed Woods that he had a misdemeanor warrant out of Bratenahl, then

stated that they had received complaints about the apartment, asked, “What’s going

on,” and asked whether Alexis was in the apartment. Woods only said, “There’s no

one here but me” before Lt. Drew stepped over the threshold and stated, “Come on,

let’s talk.” In Dudas, 2020-Ohio-31, ¶ 11 (8th Dist.), unlike in this case, the police

made the nature of their visit and presence clear — they were conducting a welfare
check on a juvenile. Here, Woods’s warrant was not further discussed nor did

officers effectuate an arrest while Woods was outside of his apartment. Instead,

Woods opened the door in response to an inquiry as to whether Alexis, who was not

wanted for an arrest but simply for questioning, was in the apartment. In this

context, immediately mentioning Woods’s misdemeanor arrest warrant can be

construed as an objective claim of lawful authority, especially because it was not the

true reason for the officers’ visit to Woods’s apartment.

              Similarly, I would find Stewart, 2025-Ohio-1189 (8th Dist.),

distinguishable because in Stewart the officers obtained a search warrant after

being led into the room where the stolen items were seen in plain view and after

Stewart had been placed under arrest. Here, the police were not at Woods’s

apartment to effectuate an arrest of Woods or even to arrest Alexis. These facts are

undisputed. Moreover, officers could have arrested Woods when he came outside

of the door and closed it behind him if it was their intention to act upon the warrant.

              Accordingly, I would find that the totality of the circumstances in this

case contains sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable officer could have found

that Woods did not consent, expressly or impliedly, to the officers entering his

apartment. For these reasons, I join the majority in affirming the trial court’s

decision and but disagree with its reasoning pertaining to Woods giving voluntary

consent; I would have found that Woods did not voluntarily consent to the search.