In re D.W.

[Cite as In re D.W., 2026-Ohio-1442.]


STATE OF OHIO                    )                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                 )ss:                  NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                 )

IN RE: D.W.                                            C.A. No.        31586



                                                       APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                       ENTERED IN THE
                                                       COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                       COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
                                                       CASE No.   DN 23 08 0696

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: April 22, 2026



        HENSAL, Judge.

        {¶1}    Appellant Mother appeals the judgment of the Summit County Court of Common

Pleas, Juvenile Division, that granted legal custody of her child to third parties. This Court affirms.

                                                  I.

        {¶2}    Mother and Father are the biological parents of D.W., born February 10, 2023.

Father was in prison when D.W. was born, and paternity was not established until the child was

ten months old.

        {¶3}      Mother tested positive for amphetamines at the child’s birth. She admitted that

she had used methamphetamine during her pregnancy, had not obtained any prenatal care, and had

no supplies for the baby. Mother had been convicted of felony aggravated possession of drugs in

2017, was under indictment for another charge of aggravated possession, and there was a pending

warrant for her arrest in a theft case. She lost custody of two older children to their father in a

2018 dependency case based on Mother’s substance abuse issues. At the time of D.W.’s birth,
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Mother was living with a boyfriend who also had a criminal history involving drug convictions.

Their housing situation was unstable. Based on these concerns, Summit County Children Services

Board (“CSB” or “the agency”) began providing family preservation services with Mother’s

agreement.

       {¶4}    Mother cooperated with the agency for one week, maintaining contact with her

caseworker and attending Women’s Recovery Group (“WRG”) meetings at Community Health

Center (“CHC”). During the next two months, the caseworker made multiple announced and

unannounced home visits, left voicemail messages, and spoke to several family members and a

community agency in efforts to reach Mother, all without success. The agency received reports

that Mother was living at various addresses. Because the caseworker could not verify the status

and safety of the infant, CSB filed a complaint alleging that D.W. was an abused, neglected, and

dependent child; and requesting an order of access to assess Mother’s home, random drug testing

of Mother and her boyfriend, and protective supervision of the child.

       {¶5}    Five days later, after confirming Mother’s address and conducting a home visit,

CSB filed an amended complaint containing additional factual allegations. Although D.W.

appeared healthy, Mother tested positive for an extremely high level of methamphetamine and a

low level of THC. Mother’s live-in boyfriend refused to answer any questions or submit to a drug

swab. Given Mother’s disappearance for two months, ongoing use of methamphetamine, and the

caseworker’s inability to ascertain Mother’s boyfriend’s suitability to care for the child, CSB

removed D.W. under an emergency order of temporary custody.

       {¶6}    After a hearing, the juvenile court adjudicated D.W. a dependent child under

Revised Code Section 2151.04(D)(1)(2), based on the prior adjudications of the child’s siblings,

those circumstances, and the current conditions in Mother’s home that placed the child in danger
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of being abused or neglected. Mother appealed that judgment, and this Court affirmed the child’s

dependency. In re D.W., 2025-Ohio-246, ¶ 1, 23 (9th Dist.).

       {¶7}     Mother and Father waived their rights to a dispositional hearing and stipulated to

orders awarding temporary custody of the child to CSB and adopting the agency’s case plan. The

case plan required Mother to obtain substance use and mental health assessments, follow all

recommendations, submit to random drug screens, sign releases of information, resolve all pending

criminal matters and refrain from engaging in further criminal acts, and demonstrate the ability to

meet the child’s basic needs. Because Father was in prison, the agency required him to provide

information about family members interested in placement of the child and to cooperate with any

home studies.

       {¶8}     After the first and second review hearings, the juvenile court found that Mother had

made no progress on her case plan objectives. She failed to obtain substance use and mental health

assessments, began refusing to submit to drug screens after consistently testing positive for

methamphetamine use over six months, had not resolved a pending warrant, was evicted from her

home, and could not verify her claimed income. Father had been released from, but quickly

returned to, prison. CSB had approved the paternal grandmother (“Grandmother”) and her long-

term partner (“Mr. B.”) for placement, and the child was doing well in that home.

       {¶9}     Thereafter, CSB filed a sunset dispositional motion requesting a first six-month

extension of temporary custody. The agency alleged that, although Mother had still not complied

with her case plan objectives and was not a viable option for custody then or in the foreseeable

future, Father was out of prison, cooperating, and building a relationship with the child. After a

hearing, the juvenile court granted an extension of temporary custody to CSB.
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       {¶10} Five months later, CSB amended the case plan because Father had once again

returned to prison. In addition to the original goal of reunification, the agency added a concurrent

permanency plan for legal custody to Grandmother and Mr. B. Shortly thereafter, CSB moved for

legal custody of D.W. to those third parties. No other party filed a dispositional motion.

       {¶11} At the hearing, Father waived his right to contest and indicated his agreement with

CSB’s motion. After the hearing, the magistrate granted the agency’s motion and ordered parental

visitation. Mother objected to the decision on evidentiary grounds. The juvenile court overruled

Mother’s objection, finding that it was in D.W.’s best interest to be placed in the legal custody of

Grandmother and Mr. B. (collectively, “Custodians”). The trial court granted CSB’s motion and

reiterated the magistrate’s visitation order. Mother timely appealed and now raises one assignment

of error for review.

                                                II.

                                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING LEGAL CUSTODY TO
       [GRANDMOTHER AND MR. B.] AS SAME WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
       WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND WAS NOT IN THE BEST INTEREST OF
       THE CHILD.

       {¶12} Mother argues that juvenile court’s award of legal custody to Grandmother and Mr.

B. is against the manifest weight of the evidence. This Court disagrees.

       {¶13} Our standard of review for such challenges is well settled:

       On appeal, an award of legal custody will not be reversed if the judgment is
       supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Preponderance of the evidence
       entails the greater weight of the evidence, evidence that is more probable,
       persuasive, and possesses greater probative value. In other words, when the best
       interest of the child is established by the greater weight of the evidence, the trial
       court does not have discretion to enter a judgment that is adverse to that interest.

(Internal citations and quotations omitted.) In re M.F., 2016-Ohio-2685, ¶ 7 (9th Dist.).
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       {¶14} In considering whether the juvenile court’s judgment is against the manifest weight

of the evidence, this Court “weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the

credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [finder

of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment]

must be reversed and a new [hearing] ordered.” (Internal citations and quotations omitted.)

Eastley v. Volkman, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 20. When weighing the evidence, this Court “must always

be mindful of the presumption in favor of the finder of fact.” Id. at ¶ 21.

       {¶15} “Following an adjudication of neglect, dependency, or abuse, the juvenile court’s

determination of whether to place a child in the legal custody of a parent or a relative is based

solely on the best interest of the child.” In re K.H., 2016-Ohio-1330, ¶ 12 (9th Dist.). The statutory

scheme regarding an award of legal custody does not include a specific test or set of criteria, but

Ohio courts agree that the juvenile court must base its decision to award legal custody on the best

interest of the child. In re B.B., 2016-Ohio-7994, ¶ 18 (9th Dist.), quoting In re N.P., 2004-Ohio-

110, ¶ 23 (9th Dist.). In that regard, the juvenile court is guided by the best interest factors

enumerated in Revised Code Section 2151.414(D) relating to permanent custody. In re B.G.,

2008-Ohio-5003, ¶ 9 (9th Dist.), citing In re T.A., 2006-Ohio-4468, ¶ 17 (9th Dist.).

       {¶16} The best interest factors include the interaction and interrelationships of the child,

the child’s wishes, the custodial history of the child, the child’s need for permanence, and whether

any of the factors in Section 2151.414(E)(7)-(11) are applicable. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e); see

also In re B.C., 2014-Ohio-2748, ¶ 16 (9th Dist.). In addition, the juvenile court may also look to

the best interest factors in Section 3109.04(F)(1) for guidance. In re K.A., 2017-Ohio-1, ¶ 17 (9th

Dist.). While some factors overlap with those above, others include the child’s adjustment to his

or her environment; the mental and physical health of all persons involved; the parents’ history of
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providing support and honoring companionship orders; certain indicia of violence, abuse, or

neglect in any household involved; and whether a parent plans to or has established a residence

outside of Ohio. R.C. 3109.04(F)(1).

       {¶17} D.W. was two years old at the time of the hearing. She spent the first six months

of her life in Mother’s care before CSB removed her and placed her in a foster home briefly before

approving Grandmother and Mr. B. for placement. D.W. continued to live with them for the

duration of the case.

       {¶18} The child is closely bonded with Grandmother and Mr. B. She is comfortable in

their home where all her needs are met. They have both strived to facilitate parental visitation and

testified that they want D.W. to have an ongoing relationship with her parents.

       {¶19} The child has an established bond with both Mother and Father. Although Father

was incarcerated for much of the time the case was pending, he had nearly daily contact with D.W.

during the three months he was out of prison. Mother had the opportunity to visit with the child

twice a week on Mondays and Wednesdays, although she was frequently late and missed most

Monday visits. The caseworker and guardian ad litem each testified that, when Mother attended

her visits, there were no concerns about her interactions with the child.

       {¶20} After spending most of her life in custodial limbo, D.W. needed a legally secure

permanent placement. Father did not dispute the testimony of the caseworker and guardian ad

litem that he could not provide an appropriate home for the child then or in the foreseeable future.

The evidence established that Mother was also not able to provide D.W. with a safe and stable

permanent home.

       {¶21} The caseworker testified that Mother had not remedied the concerns underlying the

child’s removal from home, as she had not made meaningful progress on her case plan objectives.
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Although Mother had resolved her prior criminal cases and had no currently pending charges, she

had made negligible progress addressing the concerns regarding substance abuse, mental health,

and basic needs.

       {¶22} Mother obtained a substance abuse assessment at CHC while working voluntarily

with CSB before the agency filed its complaint.        The assessor recommended that Mother

participate in WRG. Mother attended two or three sessions before disengaging with CHC. The

caseworker encouraged Mother to reengage with CHC, particularly because that agency could

accommodate her dual diagnosis substance abuse and mental health needs.            When Mother

declined, the caseworker made a referral to Affect, an online substance abuse provider. Mother

worked only briefly with Affect. The caseworker then made a referral to CommQuest, a dual

diagnosis treatment provider local to where Mother and her boyfriend had moved. Mother agreed

to pursue that referral but quickly rejected it, reporting that her work hours conflicted with the

service hours. The caseworker gave Mother a list of five or six area providers with evening and

weekend hours, but Mother did not follow through with any of them.

       {¶23} Three months before the hearing, Mother told the caseworker that she had engaged

in substance abuse services with Brightside Health, another online provider. Mother refused to

sign a release, however, for the caseworker to obtain information regarding the services, as well

as Mother’s engagement and progress. Although she told the caseworker that she was no longer

using drugs, Mother could not provide a sobriety date. She consistently tested positive for

methamphetamine from October 2023 through April 2024, after which time she refused the

caseworker’s requests for drug swabs. Although Mother reported that she was willing to submit

to urine screens at CHC, she never went when asked. The case plan is clear that the agency

presumes that any refused drug screening would be positive for substance use. Given Mother’s
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consistently positive drug screens, failure to follow through with treatment services, and lack of

cooperation to allow the caseworker to verify Mother’s reported current engagement with

Brightside, the caseworker testified that Mother had not complied with her substance abuse case

plan objective to remedy those concerns.

       {¶24} As for compliance with her mental health objective, Mother believed she had

satisfied all requirements. Although she testified that she had been seeing a therapist online for

the past four months, Mother conceded that that was more for substance use issues. In any event,

Mother had not executed a release of information for the caseworker and guardian ad litem to

gather information from the provider at Brightside.

       {¶25} The caseworker testified that she made mental health referrals for Mother at

CommQuest and CHC, two providers able to accommodate dual diagnosis (mental health and

substance use) clients. Mother did not follow through with either provider. The caseworker

testified that Mother last engaged in mental health services a year and a half earlier when she saw

a psychiatrist who prescribed a medication. Mother quickly stopped taking the medication because

she did not like how it made her feel. She did not engage in further mental health or medication

management services, testifying that she did not believe she needed them. The guardian ad litem

opined that Mother did not recognize the connection between her mental health and substance

abuse issues. Based on Mother’s lack of engagement in mental health services, the caseworker

testified that Mother failed to comply with that case plan objective.

       {¶26} As to basic needs, the evidence demonstrated that Mother and her boyfriend moved

multiple times during the case after initially being evicted from the home her boyfriend was

renovating in lieu of paying rent. Mother finally obtained independent housing one month before

the hearing. She notified the caseworker a few weeks later, leaving the caseworker unable to visit
                                                 9


the home in advance of the hearing. She had not been in contact with the guardian ad litem who

only learned of Mother’s new home during the caseworker’s testimony.

       {¶27} Mother testified that her home has two bedrooms, so the child will have her own

room. Mother’s rent in her subsidized housing is set at 30% of her earned income. Although only

Mother is on the lease, her boyfriend lives in the apartment with her. While Mother testified that

she checked to ensure that D.W. would be allowed to live with her, she was not sure if her

boyfriend is allowed to reside in her home. The guardian ad litem expressed concerns that Mother

is at risk of losing her subsidized housing by allowing an unauthorized resident in the home.

       {¶28} Both the caseworker and guardian ad litem had additional concerns regarding

Mother’s relationship with her boyfriend and the risk he posed to the child. He regularly tested

positive for methamphetamine and other drugs and had two recently issued active warrants for his

arrest. The boyfriend’s use of drugs posed dangers to Mother’s sobriety, the child’s health should

she come into contact with them, and the family’s housing stability.

       {¶29} While Mother could afford her subsidized rent, the guardian ad litem opined that

she would not be able to afford a market rate rent if she were evicted for violating the terms of her

lease. Mother works only 12-16 hours a week cleaning and doing yardwork for a renovation

company, although she testified that she “feels” she works more. The caseworker verified

Mother’s typical hours with her employer who reported that Mother is a hard worker when she is

on the job. The employer’s concern, however, was that Mother would often not answer her phone

or would make excuses as to why she was unable to take a job assignment. Although the

caseworker acknowledged that Mother had housing and an income, she maintained concerns for

ongoing stability and the physical state of the home given her inability to visit and assess prior to

the hearing. The guardian ad litem was more direct in his ongoing concerns about Mother’s ability
                                                  10


to provide for the child’s basic needs given her inability to demonstrate a pattern of stability and

her failure to recognize the risks her boyfriend posed to her stability and the child.

        {¶30} The evidence demonstrated that Grandmother and Mr. B. had been providing a safe,

stable, and appropriate home for D.W. The child has her own bedroom, has a strong bond with

Custodians, and looks to them for comfort. Grandmother and Mr. B. meet the child’s needs and

are willing and able to continue to do so throughout D.W.’s minority. The caseworker and

guardian ad litem testified that they had no concerns regarding the child’s care and well-being in

Custodians’ home.

        {¶31} At two years old, D.W. lacked the maturity to express her wishes regarding custody.

The guardian ad litem opined that an award of legal custody to Grandmother and Mr. B. was in

the child’s best interest.

        {¶32} All parties acknowledged the bond between Mother and the child and the

importance of maintaining that bond. Custodians both testified that they wanted D.W. to have a

relationship with Mother and that they would continue to facilitate regular visitation. While

Mother complained that she felt she did not have enough time with the child, Mother missed or

arrived late for many visits due to her own issues, not the fault of the agency or caregivers. In fact,

the caseworker testified that Mother had missed her visit the day before the hearing, claiming she

had overslept. Mr. B. testified that he and Grandmother have worked with Mother to set up visits,

only to have Mother fail to arrive.

        {¶33} Based on a thorough review of the record, this is not the exceptional case where the

trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice by awarding legal

custody of D.W. to Grandmother and Mr. B. Mother has a long history of substance abuse that

resulted in the loss of custody of two older children and led to the removal of D.W. Despite
                                               11


intervention by CSB and multiple referrals for services, Mother failed to engage in treatment or

otherwise address her substance abuse issues. Moreover, she has maintained a relationship with

her live-in boyfriend who also abuses substances and engages in criminal activities.        It is

reasonable to infer that Mother’s drug use impacts her judgment regarding her associates, as well

as her stability. She routinely misses visits and employment opportunities and has put her

subsidized housing at risk by allowing an unauthorized adult to reside with her therein. Mother

has not addressed the concerns regarding her mental health and does not recognize the connection

between her struggles with mental health and substance abuse. The evidence demonstrates that

Mother cannot provide a safe, stable, and appropriate home for D.W. On the other hand,

Grandmother and Mr. B. have demonstrated a commitment to the child, meeting her needs, and

recognizing the importance of allowing D.W. to maintain a relationship with her parents. Under

these circumstances, the juvenile court’s finding that an award of legal custody to Grandmother

and Mr. B was in the child’s best interest is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Mother’s assignment of error is overruled.

                                              III.

       {¶34} Mother’s sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Summit

County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed.

                                                                             Judgment affirmed.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
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       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period

for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to

mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the

docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.




                                                     JENNIFER HENSAL
                                                     FOR THE COURT



FLAGG LANZINGER, P. J.
STEVENSON, J.
CONCUR.


APPEARANCES:

RONALD T. GATTS, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

ELLIOT KOLKOVICH, Prosecuting Attorney, and ASHLEE JAMES, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for Appellee.

LEONARD BREIDING, Attorney at Law, for Father.

JASON JORDAN, Guardian ad Litem.