Com. v. Ulysse, A.

J-A01023-26

                                   2026 PA Super 92


  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  ALIQUAN ULYSSE                               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 3345 EDA 2024

     Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 26, 2024
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                      No(s): CP-51-CR-0006346-2021


BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

OPINION BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                                  FILED MAY 5, 2026

       Aliquan Ulysse appeals from the judgment of sentence of five years’

probation that the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas entered after

he pleaded guilty to one misdemeanor count of indecent assault.         See 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(2).        As part of his plea, Ulysse reserved the right to

appeal the jurisdiction and due process issues he previously raised in his

interlocutory appeal docketed at 1634 EDA 2021,1 which this Court quashed.

See Commonwealth v. A.U., 301 A.3d 897 (Pa. Super. 2023) (non-

precedential decision), appeal denied, 313 A.3d 449 (Pa. 2024). Here, we

must determine whether a case that began in juvenile court when the juvenile

was nearly twenty-one, but did not reach the merits, may continue in adult

criminal court when the Commonwealth refiled charges there, after the
____________________________________________


1 Ulysse’s plea agreement and the trial court’s judgment of sentence refer to

his prior appeal as 1624 EDA 2021. However, his appeal was docketed at
1634 EDA 2021.
J-A01023-26



juvenile turned twenty-one. After careful review, we determine that the case

could continue in adult court, and, therefore, we affirm.

      In Ulysse’s prior interlocutory appeal, this Court provided the following

factual and procedural history:

            The charges in this case arise from accusations made by
         [Z.S.] (“Complainant”) in June 2020. Complainant accused
         Ulysse of committing serious sexual offenses against
         Complainant on several days in 2014 or 2015, when
         Complainant was approximately 7 years old and Ulysse was
         approximately 15 years old.

            On July 29, 2020, when Ulysse was approximately one
         month shy of his 21st birthday, the Commonwealth filed a
         delinquency petition in the Family Court Division of the
         Court of Common Pleas (“Juvenile Court”) charging
         Ulysse, inter alia, with Rape, Involuntary Deviate Sexual
         Intercourse, and Incest. The Commonwealth filed a request
         to certify the case to the Criminal Division to prosecute
         Ulysse as an adult.

             On August 19, 2020, at the conclusion of a certification
         hearing, the Juvenile Court found that the Commonwealth
         had failed to establish a prima facie case and dismissed the
         charges. The court opined, that it “didn’t have to get to
         [the] certification [issue] because [the Commonwealth]
         didn’t get past the preliminary hearing.” [The court told the
         Commonwealth that it had “lost a preliminary hearing,” that
         it could not “appeal this,” and that this case was “over.”]

             The Commonwealth did not appeal. Instead, it refiled
         the charges in the Criminal Division on December 3, 2020,
         [] three months after Ulysse’s 21st birthday.

             On April 28, 2021, Ulysse filed a motion to dismiss the
         charges. Ulysse argued that the Commonwealth could not
         “circumvent [the Juvenile Court’s] ruling by simply waiting”
         until Ulysse turned 21 to refile the charges, rather than filing
         an appeal from the Juvenile Court’s order. On July 13,



                                      -2-
J-A01023-26


          2021, the [criminal] court denied Ulysse’s motion to
          dismiss.

Id. at *1 (footnotes omitted; Ulysse’s name added).

       Ulysse appealed the order denying his motion to dismiss. 2          Although

interlocutory, he argued that the order was a collateral order appealable as of

right pursuant to Appellate Rule 313. This Court found that the order did not

satisfy Rule 313(b)’s requirements. Specifically, we concluded Ulysse’s claims

would not be irreparably lost if review was delayed until after final judgment. 3

Thus, this Court quashed his appeal, and the Supreme Court denied his

petition for allowance of appeal.

       Thereafter, the matter proceeded in the Criminal Division.             Ulysse

entered a negotiated guilty plea for one misdemeanor count of indecent

assault, and the Commonwealth agreed to drop the other charges.                 See

Guilty Plea Colloquy, 11/26/24.                As noted above, part of the plea deal

allowed Ulysse to appeal issues raised in his interlocutory appeal.

       After his judgment of sentence was entered, Ulysse timely filed this

appeal. He presents the following two issues for our review:


____________________________________________


2 We do not have the benefit of the trial court’s reasoning for denying Ulysse’s

motion to dismiss because the sitting judge retired, and no trial court opinion
related to that decision was filed. See Trial Court Opinion, 2/10/25, at 2. The
record does not reflect the judge’s reasoning. See id.

3 In the first appeal, we also expressed doubt that Ulysse was subject to the

Juvenile Court’s jurisdiction due to his age. See A.U., 301 A.3d at *3 (“Thus,
it is doubtful that the Juvenile Court has jurisdiction over this case or that
[Ulysse] has any right to the protections that the Juvenile Act provides to
juveniles.”).

                                           -3-
J-A01023-26


         1. Did the Criminal Division of the Court of Common Pleas
            lack jurisdiction over Ulysse’s case in violation of the
            Juvenile Act where the juvenile court denied the
            Commonwealth’s petition to certify a child’s delinquency
            petition to adult criminal court and instead of appealing
            the denial of certification, the Commonwealth ignored the
            order, waited until Ulysse was 21, and filed an adult
            criminal complaint on the same charges?

         2. Did not the Commonwealth, in pursuing charges against
            Ulysse in the Criminal Division of the Court of Common
            Pleas after certification of Ulysse’s delinquency petition
            was denied, violate Ulysse’s substantive and procedural
            due process rights, as established by the Juvenile Act and
            appellate process?

Ulysse’s Brief at 2-3 (explanatory comments omitted; Ulysse’s name added).

      Ulysse asserts that his first issue raises a question of jurisdiction.

“Jurisdiction is purely a question of law; the appellate standard of review is de

novo, and the scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Merced, 265

A.3d 786, 789 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation omitted). To the extent we must

engage in statutory interpretation or answer other questions of law, our

standard of review remains de novo and our scope is plenary.                See

Commonwealth v. Watts, 283 A.3d 1252, 1255 (Pa. Super. 2022) (citations

omitted); Commonwealth v. Taylor, 120 A.3d 1017, 1021 (Pa. Super.

2015) (citation omitted).

      On appeal, Ulysse argues that the Criminal Division lacked jurisdiction

over his case, because he was twenty years old when he was initially charged

with crimes he allegedly committed as a minor. See Ulysse’s Brief at 17.      He

claims he was properly subject to the provisions of the Juvenile Act. See id.

Further, the juvenile court denied the Commonwealth’s request to transfer his


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J-A01023-26



case to the criminal division.     Thus, he claims the decision of whether to

prosecute him as an adult was exclusively within the Juvenile Court’s

jurisdiction, and the Commonwealth could not disregard that court’s decision

by withdrawing the juvenile charges and later prosecuting him for the same

charges in the Criminal Division after he turned twenty-one. See id. at 20.

      Ulysse’s argument fails because our Supreme Court has already

determined that once a defendant turns twenty-one, a juvenile court loses

jurisdiction over the defendant.

      The situation presented here—where a defendant is prosecuted some

time after the offenses occurred—often happens in sexual assault cases,

where a victim may not disclose the crime until several, or sometimes many,

years later. See Commonwealth v. Armolt, 294 A.3d 364, 365 (Pa. 2023)

(noting that the events leading to the defendant’s November 2018 arrest

occurred      approximately   three   decades   prior);   Commonwealth     v.

Renninger, 269 A.3d 548, 553 (Pa. Super. 2022) (explaining that the

defendant was charged in October 2017 with sexual offenses that occurred

from approximately 1997 to 2001). Although a defendant was a minor at the

time the offense occurred, the defendant may be an adult at the time of

disclosure.

      In Commonwealth v. Armolt, our Supreme Court addressed the issue

of jurisdiction in a case like this. The High Court answered the question of

whether an adult criminal court has jurisdiction to convict and sentence an

adult for crimes committed as a juvenile. Armolt, 294 A.3d at 365.

                                      -5-
J-A01023-26



      Armolt committed hundreds of sexual offenses against a child, C.L.,

from the late 1980s until the early 1990s, when Armolt was ten to seventeen

years old. Id. at 366. In 2016, C.L., then an adult, called the Pennsylvania

State Police to discuss a dispute she was having with Armolt and his brother

over property inheritance. Id. During this conversation, C.L. disclosed the

abuse.    Id.    A state trooper investigated C.L.’s allegations, and the

Commonwealth arrested Armolt in November 2018, charging him with various

sexual offenses. Id. At trial, Armolt was forty-two years old. See id. at 368.

He was convicted of various sexual offenses and sentenced to four to eight

years’ imprisonment. Id. at 367.

      Armolt appealed to the Superior Court, arguing that the trial court erred

by retaining jurisdiction and sentencing him as an adult for crimes he

committed as a juvenile.     Id.   Armolt also raised claims related to equal

protection, due process, and cruel and unusual punishment. Id. The Superior

Court affirmed the trial court, agreeing that the Juvenile Act did not apply to

offenders over the age of twenty-one. Id. at 368. Armolt appealed to the

Supreme Court. Id. at 369.

      The Supreme Court explained that the Juvenile Act conveyed limited

jurisdiction to juvenile courts for proceedings in which a child is alleged to be

delinquent or dependent. Id. at 372 (citation omitted). The Act defines a

“child” as an individual who is: 1) under eighteen years old or 2) under twenty-

one years old who committed a delinquent act before reaching eighteen years

old. Id. (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302) (footnote omitted). Thus, a juvenile court

                                      -6-
J-A01023-26



has jurisdiction over any offender under the age of eighteen who committed

a delinquent act.   A juvenile court retains jurisdiction over offenders, who

committed an offense while under the age of eighteen, only if they are

prosecuted before turning twenty-one.      Id.   Conversely, an adult criminal

court possesses jurisdiction over any offender who is over twenty-one, even

for crimes the offender committed as a juvenile. See id. at 372-74. Thus,

the adult criminal court had jurisdiction over the forty-two-year-old Armolt,

for the crimes he committed as a juvenile.

      The High Court elaborated that if it were to adopt Armolt’s position that

the adult criminal court lacked jurisdiction over him because he committed his

crimes while under eighteen years old, then no court would have jurisdiction

to try and sentence him. Id. at 372-73 (citation omitted). Practically then,

all juvenile offenders who escape prosecution until they are over twenty-one

could not be held accountable in any court. Id. at 373. Thus, these offenders

would be relieved of all consequences of their criminal acts if not prosecuted

before they turn twenty-one. Id. The Supreme Court did not believe the

General Assembly intended such a sweeping and drastic result. Id. (citation

omitted). Because Armolt was not charged until he was in his forties, he was

not subject to the Juvenile Act and was properly tried and sentenced in adult

criminal court. Id. at 374. The Court also found that Armolt had waived his

constitutional claims. Id. at 378-80.

      Here, to the extent Ulysse argues that the Juvenile Court retained

jurisdiction over him after he turned twenty-one simply because his case

                                     -7-
J-A01023-26



began in Juvenile Court while he was twenty years old, we reject that

argument. Although the Juvenile Court had jurisdiction when this case began

because Ulysse was twenty, it lost jurisdiction when he turned twenty-one,

and it no longer had the authority to adjudicate him at that point.         See

Armolt, supra. However, the criminal court had jurisdiction over him after

he turned twenty-one.

      This Court has stated that “absent proof of an improper motivation for

a delay in prosecution, a defendant who committed a crime as a child, but was

not charged until after” turning twenty-one, “can be tried as an adult in the

criminal court and cannot benefit from the protections afforded by the Juvenile

Act.” Renninger, 269 A.3d at 562 (citation omitted). But see Armolt, 294

A.3d at 374 n.13 (noting that the Superior Court case, Commonwealth v.

Monaco, 869 A.2d 1026 (Pa. Super. 2005), which discussed the “bad faith”

exception did not elaborate on the legal basis underlying the exception; the

Supreme Court did not express an opinion on Monaco’s viability because that

issue was not before the Court.); id. at 383-86 (Wecht, J., concurring)

(explaining that “the legal basis for the ‘improper motive’ exception is unclear”

and that the legal foundation for such a rule should be examined in an

appropriate case). Notably, Ulysse does not claim any improper motive on

the part of the Commonwealth, i.e., that they intentionally delayed his

prosecution until after he turned twenty-one.

      Ulysse relies on the Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v.

Taylor, 309 A.3d 754 (Pa. 2024), to support his position that the adult

                                      -8-
J-A01023-26



criminal court lacked jurisdiction to proceed in this matter. Ulysse claims that,

“due to the fatal flaw of the transfer decision, the adult criminal court never

had jurisdiction to adjudicate” him. Ulysse’s Brief at 25. Because there was

a Juvenile Court order denying certification, the Criminal Division should not

have “seized jurisdiction” in defiance of that order. Id.

      However, the Taylor cases involved very serious infractions by the trial

court during Taylors’ juvenile court proceedings which are not present in this

case. In Taylor, the Commonwealth filed a delinquency petition alleging that

the then seventeen-year-old Taylor was delinquent of various felony sexual

offenses. Taylor, 309 A.3d at 761. The Commonwealth petitioned to have

the juvenile court transfer the case to adult criminal court. Id. The juvenile

court conducted a certification hearing. Id. At the end of the hearing, the

juvenile court determined that Taylor was not amenable to treatment in the

juvenile system, mainly because he refused to admit guilt for the alleged

offenses.   Id. at 762.   Thus, the court granted the transfer petition and

certified the case to the criminal division. Id.

      Taylor appealed to the Superior Court, which affirmed the juvenile court.

Id. at 763.   The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the juvenile court

violated Taylor’s Fifth Amendment right to be free from compulsory self-

incrimination when it considered his refusal to admit guilt as a basis to grant

certification to adult court. Id. The Supreme Court remanded the case to the

Superior Court for us to determine if the juvenile court’s error was structural

or harmless and what relief was available. See id. at 763-64.

                                      -9-
J-A01023-26



      On remand, the Superior Court determined that the juvenile court’s

error was structural and discharged Taylor.             Id. at 765-68.        The

Commonwealth appealed to the Supreme Court. Id. at 768. The Supreme

Court agreed that the juvenile court’s violation of Taylor’s Fifth Amendment

right constituted structural error in the court’s certification hearing. Id. at

783, 785.   Thus, the juvenile court’s certification order was void, and the

criminal court acted without authority to try Taylor as an adult. Id. at 789.

If Taylor was still a juvenile, he would have been entitled to a new certification

hearing in the juvenile court. Id. at 790. However, by that time, Taylor was

twenty-seven years old and was no longer subject to the juvenile court’s

jurisdiction, so that court could not conduct a new certification hearing. See

id. at 791. Further, the criminal division did not have statutory authority to

conduct a certification hearing. Id. at 792. Therefore, the only appropriate

remedy was to dismiss the case and discharge Taylor. Id. at 793.

      Here, although Taylor’s and Ulysse’s cases both began when they were

juveniles, there was no juvenile court error that infringed on Ulysse’s rights

and rendered the certification, or lack thereof, void. Instead, the Juvenile

Court merely determined that the Commonwealth failed to make out a prima

facie case during the certification hearing. Thus, the Criminal Division did not

receive this case based on a flawed transfer decision, nor did it improperly

“seize jurisdiction.” It received the case when the Commonwealth filed new

charges against Ulysse in the Criminal Division after he turned twenty-one,




                                      - 10 -
J-A01023-26



and it tried the then-adult Ulysse on the refiled charges against him.

Therefore, Taylor is inapposite here.

      Unlike Taylor, the Juvenile Court’s certification process here was

entirely appropriate. If a delinquency case is initiated in juvenile court, the

Juvenile Act allows the Commonwealth to transfer the case to the adult

criminal division, in certain circumstances:

         (a) General rule.--After a petition has been filed alleging
         delinquency based on conduct which is designated a crime
         or public offense under the laws, including local ordinances,
         of this Commonwealth, the court before hearing the petition
         on its merits may rule that this chapter is not applicable and
         that the offense should be prosecuted, and transfer the
         offense, where appropriate, to the division or a judge of the
         court assigned to conduct criminal proceedings, for
         prosecution of the offense if all of the following exist:

          (1) The child was 14 or more years of age at the time of
          the alleged conduct.

          (2) A hearing on whether the transfer should be made is
          held in conformity with this chapter.

          (3) Notice in writing of the time, place, and purpose of the
          hearing is given to the child and his parents, guardian, or
          other custodian at least three days before the hearing.

          (4) The court finds:

            (i) that there is a prima facie case that the child
            committed the delinquent act alleged;

            (ii) that the delinquent act would be considered a felony
            if committed by an adult;

            (iii) that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the
            public interest is served by the transfer of the case for
            criminal prosecution. [. . .]


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J-A01023-26



              (iv) that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the
              child is not committable to an institution for the mentally
              retarded or mentally ill.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6355(a).

       The above process for transferring a case from juvenile to criminal court

is called a certification hearing.4        Our Supreme Court has explained the

purpose of such hearings gives the juvenile judge the discretion to try a

juvenile as an adult under certain circumstances:

          [T]he sole purpose of a certification hearing, as established
          by the Juvenile Act, is to determine if there is a prima facie
          case that the child committed the delinquent act alleged,
          the delinquent act would be considered a felony if
          committed by an adult, and if there are reasonable grounds
          to believe that the public interest would be served by the
          transfer of the case for criminal prosecution.

Taylor, 309 A.3d at 778 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       Notably, the statute provides that the “decision of the court to transfer

or not to transfer the case shall be interlocutory.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6355(f).

Nevertheless, Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 311 allows the

Commonwealth to appeal from certain interlocutory orders.               The Rule

provides, in relevant part:



____________________________________________


4 The reverse transfer process also exists. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6322.      A juvenile,
who is initially charged as an adult with murder or any of the offenses excluded
from the definition of a “delinquent act” under section 6302 of the Juvenile
Act, may seek to transfer the case to juvenile court. This process is called a
decertification hearing. For all other offenses, a case initiated in adult court
is automatically transferred to juvenile court if the offender is a minor. Id.


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J-A01023-26


         (d) Commonwealth Appeals in Criminal Cases. In a
         criminal case, under the circumstances provided by law, the
         Commonwealth may take an appeal as of right from an
         order that does not end the entire case where the
         Commonwealth certifies in the notice of appeal that the
         order will terminate or substantially handicap the
         prosecution.

Pa.R.A.P. 311(d).

      Accordingly,   although    interlocutory,   the     Commonwealth    may

immediately appeal transfer orders as of right due to double jeopardy

implications.   See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 669 A.2d 315, 323 (Pa.

1995) (holding that “an appeal of an order transferring a case from the

criminal division to the juvenile division” is immediately appealable as of

right); In Interest of McCord, 664 A.2d 1046, 1048-49 (Pa. Super. 1995)

(holding that “an order, which denies transfer of the juvenile defendant’s case

to criminal court, is an interlocutory order which is immediately appealable.”

Also noting that “an appeal by the juvenile from the transfer order must be

treated differently than an appeal by the Commonwealth.”).

      On appeal, Ulysse argues that the Commonwealth’s only recourse after

the Juvenile Court denied the transfer of his case was to appeal the Juvenile

Court’s order. See Ulysse’s Brief at 20. He maintains that permitting the

Commonwealth to simply wait out the Juvenile Court’s jurisdiction rather than

filing an appeal from an adverse transfer order would lead to abuse of the

system and of a defendant’s rights.          Id. at 22.     In the future, the

Commonwealth could simply ignore a juvenile court’s ruling regarding transfer

with impunity and wait until the juvenile defendant turned twenty-one before


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J-A01023-26



refiling the same charges in criminal court. Id. Ulysse contends that because

the Criminal Division never had the authority to adjudicate him delinquent,

and because he is no longer within the Juvenile Court’s jurisdiction, the only

remedy is discharge. Id. at 25.

        Conversely, the Commonwealth argues that when the Juvenile Court

denied transfer here, it found the Commonwealth failed to state a prima facie

case.    Under these circumstances, the Commonwealth argues that its only

recourse then was to refile the charges and present them to another judge;

it could not have taken an immediate appeal. Commonwealth’s Brief at 10.

The Commonwealth contends that Ulysse conflates two distinct possible

findings at a certification hearing: 1) a dismissal based on a failure to show a

prima facie case, which is not immediately appealable as a collateral order,

and 2) a discretionary decision denying transfer to criminal court for the

purpose of proceeding with the case in juvenile court, which is immediately

appealable. See id. at 10-11. As the Commonwealth points out, the latter is

immediately appealable because the commencement of a proceeding in

juvenile court implicates double jeopardy. See id. at 12.

        According to the Commonwealth, if it fails to establish a prima facie

case, it can always rearrest a defendant and take him before another

magistrate if the statute of limitations has not run. See id. at 13 (citations

omitted). The unique nuance here is that Ulysse turned twenty-one before

the Commonwealth refiled the charges. Thus, the Commonwealth could not

refile in Juvenile Court; it could only refile the charges in the Criminal Division.

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J-A01023-26



Id. at 14 (footnote omitted).     The Commonwealth emphasizes that the

Juvenile Court never reached the public interest factors on certification,

because it preliminarily concluded that there was no prima facie case. See

id. at 12.

      We agree that the Commonwealth could not appeal the denial of transfer

here, because the court found no prima facie case; the court did not deny

transfer and allow the case to proceed in juvenile court. Our case law supports

the Commonwealth’s argument that it can refile charges against a juvenile

when the court denies certification and/or dismisses the charges for lack of a

prima facie case.

      For example, our Supreme Court allowed such a refiling in In re Riggins

254 A.2d 616, 617 (Pa. 1969). There, a group of juveniles went into a bar

where one fired a shotgun and killed a patron. Upon learning that the police

considered him a suspect, a juvenile defendant surrendered to the police and

was formally arrested and arraigned on a murder charge.           Id.   At the

preliminary hearing, the judge ruled that the Commonwealth had not made

out a prima facie case and discharged the defendant. Id. The Commonwealth

appealed to the Supreme Court.

      The Supreme Court quashed the appeal.          It explained that if the

Commonwealth deemed itself aggrieved by a magistrate’s decision to

discharge a defendant, it could refile the charges and bring the matter before

any other officer empowered to hold preliminary hearings. See id. Because




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the Commonwealth had not been put out of court, the Supreme Court quashed

the appeal as interlocutory. Id. at 617-18.

       The same reasoning applies here. Significantly, at the certification

hearing, the Commonwealth never established the prima facie case required

by section 6355(a)(4)(i) of the Juvenile Act. Therefore, if the Commonwealth

had appealed the original order that denied Ulysse’s transfer for failure to

make out a prima facie case, that appeal would have been quashed as

interlocutory as in Riggins. Instead, the Commonwealth’s recourse was to

refile the charges against Ulysse, which it did. 5

       The denial of the transfer here did not implicate double jeopardy,

because the case did not proceed to a juvenile adjudication.       This is the

second possible outcome from a certification hearing the Commonwealth

identified.   If the Commonwealth had set forth a prima facie case and the


____________________________________________


5 Ulysse argues in his reply brief that Riggins does not support the conclusion

that the Commonwealth’s proper recourse was to rearrest him because,
although the defendant in Riggins was a juvenile, he was charged with
murder. Ulysse’s Reply Brief at 7-9.

The Riggins case explained that the practice in Philadelphia in cases where a
juvenile was accused of murder was to hold preliminary hearings before
juvenile court judges. See Riggins, 254 A.2d at 617 n.1. Murder is also
excluded from the definition of a delinquent act under the Juvenile Act. See
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6302. Nevertheless, we disagree with Ulysse that Riggins
does not apply here. Because the Juvenile Act includes a requirement for the
court to find a prima facie case, Riggins still supports the idea that, if the
juvenile court finds no prima facie case, the Commonwealth may not
immediately appeal but may rearrest the juvenile. See Riggins, supra;
Pa.R.J.C.P. No. 336.


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court denied certification based on the public interest factors, then the

Commonwealth could have taken an immediate interlocutory appeal as of

right. See McCord, 664 A.2d at 1049.6 This Court has explained:

          [W]ith respect to an order which denies transfer to criminal
          court or grants transfer to juvenile court, [the
          Commonwealth is] effectively deprived of review of the
          transfer order if it is required to wait until final disposition
          of the case before it may appeal. Once a defendant is the
          subject of an adjudication and disposition in juvenile court,
          principles of double jeopardy would, presumably, preclude
          the re-prosecution of defendant as an adult. The practical
          effect of not allowing the Commonwealth to immediately
          appeal the transfer order would be to render the trial court’s
          “interlocutory order,” a final order without any right of
          appeal.      Thus, we conclude that an order denying
          certification of the juvenile defendant as an adult effectively
          terminates the criminal prosecution of the juvenile. We,
          therefore, hold that an order, which denies transfer of the
          juvenile defendant’s case to criminal court, is an
          interlocutory order which is immediately appealable.

Id. (internal citations and footnote omitted).

       Here, however, the Juvenile Court order denied the Commonwealth’s

request to transfer the case to criminal proceedings for failure to set forth a

prima facie case that Ulysse committed a felony delinquent act. See Order

Regarding Request for Transfer to Criminal Proceedings, 8/19/20. We agree

with the Commonwealth that this order did not implicate double jeopardy

concerns, because Ulysse was not then subject to an adjudication and


____________________________________________


6 Because the order here did not implicate double jeopardy, it differs from
transfer orders that are decided on public interest considerations set forth in
section 6355(a)(4)(iii), which have been determined to be immediately
appealable.

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J-A01023-26



disposition in Juvenile Court. See McCord, 664 A.2d at 1049.7 And, notably,

Ulysse does not argue that double jeopardy prevents his adult prosecution.

As the Juvenile Court judge stated, the case was “over.” N.T., 8/19/20, at

102. Because there was no adjudication on the merits, the Commonwealth

did not have to appeal but could withdraw the case and refile the charges. 8

        This Court allowed the Commonwealth to refile charges in another

juvenile case that was discharged without an adjudication on the merits.             In

Commonwealth v. A.G., 955 A.2d 1022, 1023 (Pa. Super. 2008), the trial

court    dismissed    the    original   charges    against   a   juvenile   after   the

Commonwealth failed to meet a short discovery deadline. The juvenile had

been arrested and charged with various offenses, including attempted murder,

related to a stabbing. Id. There was no discovery available on the date of

the adjudicatory hearing, so the trial judge ordered discovery to be completed

within a week. Id. When the Commonwealth was still unable to provide the

discovery at that time, the court discharged the case. Id. A few months later,

____________________________________________


7 We acknowledge that Ulysse’s juvenile file contains a court order adopting

the hearing officer’s recommendation “after an Adjudicatory Hearing.” See
Recommendation – Adjudicatory Hearing, 12/10/20. However, the court’s
only finding was that the Commonwealth’s “motion to withdraw all charges is
Granted.” Id. The court then discharged Ulysse from in home detention. Id.
Thus, although this order states it occurred after an adjudicatory hearing,
there was no true juvenile adjudication and disposition, such that double
jeopardy would preclude Ulysse from being prosecuted as an adult.

8 Nevertheless, as discussed supra, even if the Commonwealth had attempted

to appeal the Juvenile Court’s transfer order, the Juvenile Court would have
lost jurisdiction over Ulysse as soon as he turned twenty-one, which was less
than one month after the Juvenile Court entered its order.

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the Commonwealth rearrested the juvenile and refiled the case. Id. On the

second attempt, discovery was provided, but the original trial judge held that

because the Commonwealth violated the original discovery order, the order

was also binding for the rearrest. Id. Thus, the trial court dismissed the case.

The Commonwealth appealed.

      This Court reversed because double jeopardy did not attach to the first

proceeding, and the Commonwealth could rearrest the juvenile.                We

explained,

              Pennsylvania Rule of Juvenile Court Procedure[] 336(a)
      states that, a juvenile may be rearrested after the allegations have
      been dismissed prior to jeopardy attaching if the statute of
      limitations has not expired. In general, an accused may be
      rearrested and prosecuted despite the dismissal of charges at the
      preliminary hearing. A finding by a committing magistrate that the
      Commonwealth has failed to establish a prima facie case is not a
      final determination, such as an acquittal, and only entitles the
      accused to his liberty for the present, leaving him subject to
      rearrest. A magistrate’s decision to dismiss criminal charges after
      a preliminary hearing is unappealable; therefore, the reinstitution
      of charges is the only recourse available to the Commonwealth
      after it fails to establish a prima facie case at a preliminary
      hearing. Moreover, when reviewing the dismissal of a complaint
      for the failure to produce witnesses, this Court has held that re-
      filing the complaint was the proper remedy.

Id. at 1024 (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).

      We observed that “there was never an evidentiary hearing nor was A.G.

found delinquent . . . ; therefore, jeopardy did not attach and the

Commonwealth had the right to rearrest the juvenile.” Id. (citing Pa.R.J.C.P.

No. 336). “Furthermore, the only remedy the Commonwealth had when the

charges were dismissed for failure to present the necessary discovery—


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J-A01023-26



namely a police witness—was to rearrest A.G. and provide the needed

discovery.” Id. (emphasis in original).

       As this Court noted, Rule of Juvenile Court Procedure 336 specifically

allows the Commonwealth to refile a delinquency petition and rearrest a

juvenile if a case is withdrawn or dismissed before trial. 9 The juvenile can

then seek to dismiss the refiled petition if the statute of limitations 10 has

expired or there is other prejudice to the juvenile.
____________________________________________



9 Rule 336 provides:



       A. Re-filing. The attorney for the Commonwealth may re-file a
       petition after the petition has been withdrawn pursuant to Rule
       335 or dismissed by the court.

       B. Motion for dismissal. The court may entertain a motion by
       the juvenile to dismiss the re-filed petition.

       Comment: A juvenile may be rearrested after the allegations have
       been dismissed prior to jeopardy attaching if the statute of
       limitations has not expired. The petition should be dismissed upon
       a finding that the attorney for the Commonwealth acted to harass
       the juvenile, the offenses are beyond the statute of limitations, or
       there is some other prejudice to the juvenile.

       If a petition is re-filed, the procedures of Rule 330 are to be
       followed. It may be necessary to have a detention hearing under
       the procedures of Rule 240(C).

Pa.R.J.C.P. No. 336 (internal citations omitted).

10 Here, there was no statute of limitations issue.As of November 2019, a
prosecution for certain sexual offenses including rape, involuntary deviate
sexual intercourse, sexual assault, and incest, where the “victim was under
18 years of age at the time of the offense” may be commenced at any time.
See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5551(7). Further, a prosecution for sexual offenses such
(Footnote Continued Next Page)


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J-A01023-26



       Here, the only difference between A.G. and Ulysse is that Ulysse turned

twenty-one before the Commonwealth filed the new charges. By that time,

Ulysse was no longer within the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court. Thus, the

Commonwealth prosecuted Ulysse as an adult because the court that now had

jurisdiction over him was the Criminal Division. See Armolt, supra.

       In his reply brief, Ulysse focuses on the language of the denial order and

argues that the case was not “dismissed,” but that the transfer was denied for

failure to meet the prima facie case. Ulysse’s Reply Brief at 3. Ulysse stresses

that “regardless of how the court framed its denial of transfer, there is no

analog in juvenile court to a preliminary hearing in adult court, no testing of

the evidence that can result in a dismissal of the charges.” Id. at 6. According

to Ulysse, the “proceedings in juvenile court do not include a preliminary

hearing.”    Id. at 10.     Moreover, Ulysse asserts that the “Commonwealth’s

claim that the juvenile case was dismissed . . . is belied by the record.” Id.

Ulysse claims that after the Juvenile Court entered its order denying transfer,

the matter continued to be listed in Juvenile Court, until the Commonwealth

moved to withdraw the charges in December 2020. Id. at 12.



____________________________________________


as indecent assault, indecent exposure, and corruption of minors “committed
against a minor who is less than 18 years of age” may be commenced “any
time up to the later of the period of limitation provided by law after the minor
has reached 18 years of age or the date the minor reaches 55 years of age.”
See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(c)(3). Here, when the Juvenile Court held the
certification hearing, the Complainant was still a minor.


                                          - 21 -
J-A01023-26



      Preliminarily we note that Ulysse did not raise this argument with the

trial court. In fact, he conceded that the court held a preliminary hearing to

determine whether the Commonwealth met its burden to establish a prima

facie case. In his motion to dismiss, he stated that “a certification hearing

was held in Juvenile Court. In accordance with the statute governing juvenile

transfer proceedings, the [c]ourt first held a preliminary hearing.” Motion to

Dismiss, 4/28/21, at ¶ 3. Ulysse went on to explain, a “certification hearing

consists of two parts. First, a preliminary hearing is held. At the preliminary

hearing the court will decide if a prima facie case was established and if the

child committed a delinquent act.” Id. at ¶ 10 (italics added).

      As for dismissal, Ulysse stated after “finding that the Commonwealth did

not establish a prima facie case, [the Juvenile Court judge] dismissed the

charges against” Ulysse. Id. at ¶ 5 (italics added). He explained that at the

certification hearing, the Juvenile Court determined that there was not a prima

facie case showing that Ulysse had committed the crimes charged. Id. at ¶

12. “At that point, there was no need to proceed to the amenability portion

of the certification hearing because there was no case to be transferred from

Juvenile Court to Criminal Court. Thus, [the Juvenile Court judge] promptly

dismissed the case” against Ulysse. Id. See also id. at ¶ 13 (referring to

the Juvenile Court’s “decision to dismiss the case”); Motion to Amend Case

Caption, 8/11/21, at ¶¶ 4-5 (Ulysse stating that the Juvenile Court held a

preliminary hearing, and when the judge found that the Commonwealth did

not establish a prima facie case, he denied the transfer and dismissed the

                                    - 22 -
J-A01023-26



petition); N.T., 3/24/21, at 5 (defense counsel stating that the Juvenile Court

dismissed the case, and it did not get past the preliminary hearing), 12.

       Therefore, Ulysse represented to the trial court multiple times that the

Juvenile Court held a preliminary hearing and dismissed the charges against

him.   He cannot now change his mind and argue on appeal: 1) that the

Juvenile Court did not hold a preliminary hearing because no such creation

exists in the Juvenile Act, or 2) that the Juvenile Court did not dismiss the

charges against him. He has waived these arguments. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)

(“Issues not raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the

first time on appeal.”). See also Commonwealth v. In re E.F., 995 A.2d

326, 327 (Pa. 2010) (referring, in a juvenile delinquency case, to the trial

court holding a “preliminary hearing” and determining based on evidence at

the hearing that the Commonwealth had established “a prima facie case.” The

court then proceeded to conduct a “certification hearing.”).

       Even if not waived, the language of the order denying certification is

irrelevant. Although the Juvenile Court did not explicitly dismiss the charges

in its transfer order, the court’s finding that the Commonwealth had failed to

establish a prima facie case implicitly dismissed the case. Put another way,

as explained above, the Juvenile Court may have denied the transfer, but




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contrary to Ulysse’s argument, the case was not then going to proceed to a

disposition in Juvenile Court.11

____________________________________________


11 Ulysse attached the juvenile court docket as Exhibit C to his reply brief.
However, this docket is not present in our certified record. Originally, the
certified record omitted Ulysse’s entire juvenile court file. On September 26,
2025, Ulysse filed a Motion to Correct Omissions in the Record Pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1926 with this Court, requesting that we direct the trial court to
certify and transmit to us a supplemental record of Ulysse’s juvenile court file.
This Court ordered the trial court to do so, and the trial court complied.
However, this supplemental record did not contain the juvenile court docket,
and Ulysse filed no other motions or applications requesting further
corrections of the original record.

It is well settled that the burden is ultimately on the appellant to ensure the
record is complete on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1921, Note; see also, e.g.,
Mazzarese v. Mazzarese, 319 A.3d 586, 596 (Pa. Super. 2024) (citations
omitted). We generally may review and consider only items that are part of
the certified record. See, e.g., Mazzarese, supra. Nevertheless, if the
accuracy of a document in the reproduced record is undisputed, we may
consider it. See Commonwealth v. Barnett, 121 A.3d 534, 545 n.3 (Pa.
Super. 2015) (citation omitted).

In its brief, the Commonwealth notes that the Juvenile Court’s docket entry
related to transfer was inaccurate and cannot control. See Commonwealth’s
Brief at 15 n.9. Nevertheless, even if we can consider the docket, it does not
change our disposition. From the docket, we see that the Juvenile Court
entered its transfer order on August 19, 2020. Thereafter, on November 25,
2020, there were four docket entries. The first entry stated, “Certification
Hearing Scheduled 12/10/2020 12:00PM” and “Administrative Relist (special
list 11/25/2020).” Similarly, the third entry again noted an “Administrative
Relist.” The second and fourth entries showed that the parties had received
notice of the hearing. The next entries on December 10, 2020, related to the
Commonwealth withdrawing the charges against Ulysse, and the Juvenile
Court granting that motion and discharging Ulysse from in home detention.
Nevertheless, as noted infra, pursuant to Rule 336, the Commonwealth would
have been permitted to withdraw and refile the delinquency petition against
Ulysse and to rearrest him if he was still a juvenile. See Pa.R.J.C.P. No. 336.
Ulysse cites no authority which persuades us that the Commonwealth could
not refile charges against him simply because he had turned twenty-one in
the interim.

                                          - 24 -
J-A01023-26



      Moreover, we agree that the Juvenile Act does not provide for a

preliminary hearing in typical juvenile cases, where the juvenile is alleged to

have committed a delinquent act.           However, when the juvenile court is

conducting a certification hearing, the Commonwealth must prove a prima

facie case that the juvenile committed the delinquent act, before the juvenile

court can transfer the case to adult criminal court.       See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §

6355(a)(4)(i). Similarly, at a preliminary hearing in an adult criminal case,

the Commonwealth must prove that “there is a prima facie case that (1) an

offense has been committed and (2) the defendant has committed it.”

Pa.R.Crim.P. 542(D); see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 543(B).          Thus, although the

proceeding under the Juvenile Act is called a certification hearing, it contains

the same determination as a preliminary hearing in the criminal context.

      Because the Criminal Division had jurisdiction to try Ulysse on the

charges against him, which the Commonwealth was permitted to refile after

the Juvenile Court dismissed the charges for lack of a prima facie case,

Ulysse’s first issue merits no relief.

      In his second issue, Ulysse alleges procedural and substantive due

process violations.

      Ulysse argues that “the Commonwealth disregarded all procedure, all

precedent, all statutory requirements, and subverted the lawful order of a

court with proper jurisdiction.” Ulysse’s Brief at 26. Ulysse was deprived of

the opportunity to be heard on the initiation of criminal proceedings against




                                         - 25 -
J-A01023-26



him before he was charged as an adult, an opportunity that is given to other

criminal defendants first charged in juvenile court. See id. at 26-27.

      Ulysse asserts that he has not been treated with fundamental fairness.

See id. at 28.    According to him, it “was fundamentally unfair for the

Commonwealth to arbitrarily and capriciously deny” him of his “legislative

entitlement to be prosecuted in juvenile court.” Id. Ulysse claims that he

was afforded the benefits of the Juvenile Act, which are substantial, and was

then deprived of them in a lawless, arbitrary, and unfair way by the

Commonwealth. See id. at 30-31. Ulysse also claims the Commonwealth

has “engaged in a certain degree of gamesmanship.” Id. at 35.

      Conversely, the Commonwealth argues that Ulysse’s constitutional

claims are waived because he failed to fairly present them in his motion to

dismiss at the trial court.   Commonwealth’s Brief at 17 (citation omitted).

Ulysse’s counsel’s statements at the sentencing hearing regarding Ulysse

reserving the ability to appeal could not have revived claims that he had

already waived. See id. at 17-18 (citations omitted). The Commonwealth

asserts that, regardless of waiver, Ulysse’s claims are patently meritless. Id.

at 18. Because a pretrial dismissal and discharge at the preliminary hearing

stage is not equivalent to a determination that a case should remain in

“juvenile court for a juvenile adjudicatory hearing instead of a trial in adult

court, there was no statutory violation and no fundamental unfairness.” Id.

at 18-19.




                                    - 26 -
J-A01023-26



      In one sentence of his reply brief, Ulysse argues that he preserved his

substantive due process arguments on appeal by his “arguments in the courts

below regarding the Commonwealth’s statutory and rules-based procedural

violations under state law.” Ulysse’s Reply Brief at 15. Significantly, Ulysse

cites nothing in the record to support his assertion, and he fails to address

how this Court’s prior decision regarding waiver in his first appeal impacts this

appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(c), (e).

      As noted above, pursuant to his plea agreement and judgment of

sentence, Ulysse maintained the right to appeal issues he had previously

raised in A.U. Although this Court quashed Ulysse’s appeal in A.U., we noted

that he waived any claims regarding substantive and procedural due process

by failing to raise those issues in his motion to dismiss.

      Specifically, we explained:

         Ulysse also asserts that his claims to substantive and
         procedural due process will be lost if review is delayed.
         Ulysse’s Br. at 40-41. Ulysse, however, waived these claims
         by failing to raise the issues in his Motion to Dismiss, where
         he merely mentioned the term “fundamental fairness”
         without development. Motion to Dismiss, 4/28/21, at ¶
         17; see Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

A.U., 301 A.3d at *2 n.6 (Ulysse’s name added).

      However, as this Court ultimately quashed Ulysse’s appeal, we are not

bound by the panel’s decision regarding waiver. Nevertheless, we agree that

Ulysse failed to develop any issues related to due process in his motion to

dismiss. Ulysse simply stated that for “reasons of fundamental fairness and



                                     - 27 -
J-A01023-26



judicial economy” the trial court should “decline the Commonwealth’s

invitation” to grant it a second bite at the apple and should dismiss the

charges. See Motion to Dismiss, 4/28/21, at ¶ 17; Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues

not raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time

on appeal.”). Ulysse failed to mention the words “due process” or develop

any arguments related to due process. Because he failed to properly raise

these issues to the trial court in his motion to dismiss, he has waived them.

See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

       Moreover, on appeal, his due process claims are based on his belief that

the Commonwealth acted improperly by refiling the charges against him and

not appealing the Juvenile Court’s interlocutory transfer order. 12 As explained

above, the Commonwealth was permitted to refile Ulysse’s charges and could

not appeal the transfer order. Thus, Ulysse’s second issue, even if preserved,

would merit no relief.

       In sum, we discern no error upon review of the trial court’s decision to

deny Ulysse’s motion to dismiss.          The Juvenile Court lost jurisdiction over

Ulysse once he turned twenty-one. The Adult Criminal Court had jurisdiction

over Ulysse. The Commonwealth did not have to appeal the order denying
____________________________________________


12 Even if Ulysse had properly raised and developed due process arguments

related to his criminal prosecution, two Justices on our Supreme Court have
indicated their belief that although these types of arguments raise legality-of-
sentence claims which cannot be waived, these claims fail on the merits. See
Armolt, 294 A.3d at 392-93 (Wecht, J., concurring with Donohue, J., joining)
(explaining that “no constitutional-based legality-of-sentence claim can
succeed because . . . [the defendant] could claim no right (constitutional,
statutory, or otherwise) to a juvenile disposition of his charges.”)

                                          - 28 -
J-A01023-26



certification, but, instead, was permitted to refile charges against Ulysse as

an adult. Ulysse has waived his due process claims.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.




Date: 5/5/2026




                                    - 29 -