In the Interest of TR, RR, Children v. the State of Texas

Opinion issued April 9, 2026.




                                    In the

                             Court of Appeals
                                    for the

                        First District of Texas
                           ————————————
                            NO. 01-25-00924-CV
                          ———————————
            IN THE INTEREST OF T.R. AND R.R., CHILDREN



                  On Appeal from the 306th District Court
                         Galveston County, Texas
                     Trial Court Case No. 24-CP-0006


                                  OPINION

      Appellants K.B. (Mother) and A.R. (Father) appeal the trial court’s order

terminating their parent-child relationship with “Timothy” and “Richard” and
appointing the Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) as

sole managing conservator of both children.1

      Mother contends: (1) the trial court failed to commence trial on the merits

within the time period required by section 263.401 of the Texas Family Code,

depriving the trial court of jurisdiction; (2) the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination is in the children’s

best interest; (3) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial

court’s finding that denial of the Department’s request to be permanent managing

conservator would significantly impair the children’s physical health or emotional

development; and (4) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the

trial court’s findings under section 161.001(f) of the Texas Family Code.

      Father contends: (1) the trial court failed to commence trial on the merits

within the time period required by section 263.401 of the Texas Family Code,

depriving the trial court of jurisdiction; (2) he was denied effective assistance of

counsel; (3) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial

court’s predicate findings for termination under section 161.001(b) of the Texas

Family Code; (4) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial

court’s findings under section 161.001(f) of the Texas Family Code; (5) the evidence



1
      To protect the identity of the parties, we refer to them by fictious names, initials, or
      aliases. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 109.002(d); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).

                                             2
is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest findings;

and (6) termination of the parent-child relationship in this case does not satisfy strict

scrutiny under the Texas Constitution.

      With respect to both parents, we conclude that the trial court timely

commenced the trial on the merits and the evidence is legally and factually sufficient

to support the trial court’s order terminating Mother’s and Father’s parent-child

relationships with both children. We further conclude that Father was not denied

effective assistance of counsel. Regarding Father’s constitutional challenge,

assuming this issue was preserved for our review, we conclude that existing

protections applicable to parental-rights termination suits sufficiently safeguarded

Father’s constitutional rights, and we overrule this issue. We affirm the trial court’s

order terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to the children and

appointing the Department permanent managing conservator.

                                     Background

      This appeal concerns two siblings: Timothy and Richard. At the start of trial,

Timothy was eleven years old, and Richard was five years old.

A.    Children’s Removal

      Cali Redding, an investigation supervisor for the Department, testified that the

Department began its investigation into the children following reports of neglectful

supervision and physical abuse and a concern that the family was living out of a


                                            3
vehicle. The Department opened a case after law enforcement responded to a

domestic violence incident between Mother and Father. There was also a report that

Father had punched Timothy in the back. Redding further testified that law

enforcement found methamphetamine in the family’s vehicle.

      Redding first located Timothy and Richard at their paternal grandmother’s

home. Law enforcement had taken the children there, discovered a pending case

opened by the Department, and contacted Redding. When Redding went to the

grandmother’s home, Mother and Father were not present. She spoke with Timothy,

but Richard was not “verbally appropriate” at the time. Timothy made several

“outcries” to Redding, including drug use by Mother and Father and domestic

violence. He confirmed that the family was living out of their car and said there were

times when Father had hit him. Timothy said he did not feel safe with Father and did

not think Father loved him.

      As Redding concluded the interview with Timothy, Father appeared. She

confronted him regarding the drug-use and domestic-violence allegations. He

admitted historical drug use but denied any current use of methamphetamine or

cocaine. He also said that the methamphetamine found in the car by law enforcement

belonged to Mother, not him. He admitted fighting with Mother and breaking a

windshield in anger.




                                          4
      Redding asked Father to appear for a drug test, and he agreed to do so. A few

days later, but before the drug test, Father sent a text message to Redding correcting

his prior statement regarding present drug use. He informed her that he believed his

test would come back positive for methamphetamine. For his first drug test, Father

tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine.

      Redding attempted to locate Mother. She called a phone number that Father

provided. She also contracted a special investigator to locate Mother without

success. Redding went to locations that the parents frequented, including a

McDonald’s and Dollar General in the Texas City area. She also searched online for

addresses and phone numbers associated with Mother and reached out to relatives.

Redding eventually deferred to communicating messages to Mother through Father.

      At some point, the paternal grandmother no longer wanted to care for Timothy

and Richard, so the Department sought removal of the children. On January 31,

2024, the trial court appointed the Department as the children’s temporary sole

managing conservator. That same day, the trial court set an adversary hearing for

February 8, 2024. Redding attempted to place Timothy and Richard with a paternal

grandfather and a paternal great aunt, but neither wanted to take the children. The

Department placed the children in an emergency shelter and then in a foster home.

At the time of trial, the children were still in the foster home, and the Department

stated its intention of unrelated adoption.


                                              5
B.    Subsequent Proceedings

      On February 8, 2024, the trial court held an adversary hearing as required by

section 262.201 of the Texas Family Code. TEX. FAM. CODE § 262.201. Mother and

Father appeared with their counsel. The following day, the trial court entered a

temporary order appointing the Department as temporary managing conservator of

the children. On March 22, 2024, counsel for the Department served on all parties

copies of the service plans for Mother and Father. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.101

(requiring the Department to file a service plan). On April 1, 2024, the trial court

issued an order approving the service plans and giving them effect despite the fact

that neither parent had signed his or her service plan. See id. § 263.103(d) (“The

original service plan takes effect when . . . the court issues an order giving effect to

the plan without the parents’ signatures.”).

      On November 7, 2024, the trial court held a permanency hearing as required

by section 263.304 of the Texas Family Code. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.304.

Following that hearing, the trial court found that Mother had demonstrated adequate

and appropriate compliance with the service plan but that Father had not.

      On February 20, 2025, the trial court held a subsequent permanency hearing

as required by section 263.305 of the Texas Family Code. TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 263.305. Following that hearing, the trial court again found that Mother had




                                           6
demonstrated adequate and appropriate compliance with the service plan but that

Father had not.

        On June 12, 2025, the trial court held another permanency hearing as required

by section 263.305 of the Texas Family Code. Id. The trial court found that Mother

had partially demonstrated adequate and appropriate compliance with the service

plan and that Father had not demonstrated adequate and appropriate compliance with

the service plan.

C.      Trial

        On July 21, 2025, counsel for Mother, Father, and the Department appeared

before the trial court. The attorney ad litem for the children also appeared. The

Department announced ready for trial. The trial court briefly heard testimony from

Cali Redding, the investigation supervisor, and continued the trial to September 25,

2025.

        1.      Forensic interviewer

        On the second day of trial, September 25, 2025, the trial court heard testimony

from Kim Keever. Keever is a forensic interviewer at the Advocacy Center for

Children of Galveston County. She has 15 years of experience. Keever interviewed

Timothy in January 2024 and June 2025. In the first interview, he reported drug use

by both parents and physical abuse by Father. He also witnessed both parents having

sex, but he did not report any other sexual abuse. He told Keever that Father hit and


                                           7
punched him. On another occasion, Father lit the family’s car on fire. He said that

both parents used drugs he called “H” and “ice.” He said Mother took him and his

brother to drug houses where Mother would spend all the family’s money on drugs

instead of buying food. Keever testified that Timothy could differentiate between a

truth and a lie.

       In the June 2025 interview, according to Keever, Timothy confirmed his prior

statements regarding drug use and physical abuse. Timothy also disclosed that Father

had sex with him and Richard. He told Keever that Father “put his wiener in his butt”

while Mother was stealing from a gas station. He also saw Father and Mother “using

their bodies for sex” in exchange for drugs. The parents would have sex with truck

drivers and leave the doors open, allowing the children to see their parents having

sex. The family was living out of a car and would park on the side of the road or at

a gas station. Timothy also said that, when Father hit him, Mother was present and

did not stop the abuse.

       When asked whether Timothy made any specific allegations of abuse by

Mother, Keever testified that, in the June 2025 interview, Timothy said Mother

would hit him. He said there was “a lot more” he wanted to tell Keever, but he did

not want to be late for his scheduled visit with Mother.




                                          8
      2.     Sherrif’s deputy

      The Department next called Ira Fowler. Fowler is a sergeant in the street

crimes unit of the Galveston County Sherrif’s Office. In early 2025, Fowler arrested

Father pursuant to an arrest warrant for sexual assault of a child. After being arrested,

Father asked to call Mother, and Fowler allowed Father to call using Fowler’s phone.

On the call, Father told Mother he was being arrested. Mother asked Father that he

not speak to anyone else or tell anyone that she spoke with him. The call lasted

roughly a minute.

      3.     Caseworker

      Kamiia Warren is a caseworker for the Department. She has been the

children’s caseworker since December 2024. Prior to Warren’s assignment to the

case, the Department created a service plan for each parent. The original goal of the

service plans was family reunification. Warren’s testimony focused on each parent’s

compliance with the service plans, the parents’ circumstances at the time of trial, the

Department’s efforts to return the children, and the basis for the Department seeking

termination of parental rights.

      Father did not complete any services under his service plan. Father last

completed a drug test on March 27, 2024, more than a year before trial. He tested

positive for methamphetamine, amphetamine, and marijuana. Warren testified that

the sexual abuse allegations against Father concerned the Department, the


                                           9
Department made reasonable efforts to reunify the children with Father, Father has

failed to address the reasons that resulted in the Department’s custody of the

children, and there is a continuing danger should the children be returned to Father.

      Mother completed an inpatient program at Santa Maria from July to October

2024. At the time of trial, Mother lived at Oxford House, which Mother described

to Warren as a self-run sober-living facility. Mother told Warren that Oxford House

has no staff or managers. At the time of trial, Mother was still engaging with

substance abuse treatment, attending groups and classes.

      Mother last completed a drug test in May 2025. Prior to May 2025, Mother

submitted to random drug tests, all of which reported negative for each tested

substance. Mother completed nine drug tests from October 2024 through May 2025.

Following Mother’s last drug test in May 2025, Warren asked Mother multiple times

a month to complete a drug test. Mother had also been bleaching and dying her hair,

which interferes with taking hair follicle samples for drug tests. Regarding her

services, Mother completed a psychiatric evaluation and followed the

recommendations from that evaluation. She completed a domestic violence course.

Mother started but did not complete a protective parenting course. Mother completed

all of her services except for the protective parenting class. The course was virtual

and telephonic, and Mother never reported difficulty maintaining a phone or Internet

access.


                                         10
      Warren testified regarding her concerns about Mother’s lack of

protectiveness, which was the impetus for the protective parenting course. When

Warren confronted Mother about the sex-abuse allegations against Father, Mother

responded that she did not think Father would do that. Warren was concerned that

Mother did not believe the children. When confronted by Warren, Mother denied

speaking with Father, but Warren witnessed Father speak with Mother on the phone

in July 2025. Warren also viewed bodycam footage from Father’s arrest showing his

call with Mother. When Father and Mother spoke while Father was being arrested,

they both said “I love you” to each other.

      Warren also testified to the children’s therapy sessions. In a September 28,

2024 therapy session, Timothy told his therapist that he did not want to return to

Mother and did not want to visit her anymore. He said that Mother told him to

destroy his foster mother’s home and that “Black people were abusers.” Prior to this

therapy session, Mother had met with the children in an unsupervised visit. The

children did not report any of these details to Warren, who picked them up from this

visit. There have never been therapy sessions with the family meeting as a whole.

      Warren testified regarding the parents’ living conditions. Father would not

allow Warren to come to his residence. Warren met with Father in July 2025. He

was not working at the time. This was Warren’s only meeting with father. The

children were not open to visiting Father, and he had not seen the children since


                                         11
February 2024. As for Mother, at the time of trial, she had recently moved from her

previous residence due to budget cuts. At her new residence, Oxford House, Mother

is not allowed to have children with her.

      As part of her regular visitations, Mother met with Timothy and Richard one

to two times per month at her residence. Warren testified that the visits “go really

good.” However, on one occasion, Christmas Eve, Mother fed the children sugary

sweets despite Richard’s extensive dental decay.

      Warren testified that she believed termination of parental rights was in the

children’s best interest because the Department is concerned about Mother’s lack of

protectiveness around the children and continued communications with Father. With

respect to Father, Warren testified that termination was in the children’s best interest

because Father had not completed any services. Warren could not identify any

relatives willing or able to take the children.

      4.     Father

      Father said he tried to complete the services, but he did not have a phone. He

testified that, at the time of trial, he had been sober for six months, but he

acknowledged prior use of methamphetamine. Father said he attends Narcotics

Anonymous and has a sponsor.




                                            12
      5.     Mother

      At trial, Mother acknowledged her prior drug use. She said she used heroin.

She testified that she has been sober since July 17, 2024, and that she attends

Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous. She acknowledged that Father

is one of her “triggers,” and she testified that she does not communicate with him.

Mother was concerned that Father was not completing his services. She believed he

was a danger to the children. She believed the children needed to be protected from

him, and she stated that she plans to keep them away from him.

      From October 28, 2023, to February 21, 2024, Mother lived at House of Extra

Measures. She moved from House of Extra Measures to Paschall House because the

latter would allow children. When Mother moved from House of Extra Measures to

Paschall House, she testified that her drug testing center did not change, and she had

difficulty with transportation to that location from her new home. Mother eventually

left Paschall House because it was closing due to funding cuts.

      On August 21, 2025, roughly one month before the second day of trial, Mother

moved from Paschall House to Oxford House, her home at the time of trial. Oxford

House does not allow children, but she was aware of other homes that allow children

and have available space. She had been looking into vacancies at those other homes.

She testified that her current home does random drug testing by urinalysis, but she

has not been drug tested in the month since living there.


                                         13
       Mother acknowledged that she did not complete the protective parenting

course as part of her service plan. She was discharged from the course because she

had missed four sessions. According to Mother, she had to reschedule those sessions

due to her work schedule and was unaware that rescheduling was grounds for being

discharged from the course.

       Mother testified that, if the children were returned to her, she would not have

further contact with Father. Mother testified that she believes the boys were sexually

abused by Father. She testified that she would take the children to their medical and

dental appointments, but she did not know of a specific doctor or dentist.

       6.        Court-appointed special advocate

       Johnny Cooper is a court-appointed special advocate for the children. He has

been an advocate on the case since February 16, 2024. He had monthly visits with

Timothy and Richard. He testified that they have been doing well in foster care.

When Timothy started school, he was making Ds but improved to As and Bs by the

time of trial.

       Cooper observed two visits between Mother and the children and testified that

they “went pretty well.” He had not observed any visits in 2025. Cooper agreed with

the Department’s request for termination of parental rights. The children told Cooper

that they enjoy the visits with Mother, but they do not want to return to her. Cooper

testified that the children told him that they do not want to endure physical or sexual


                                          14
abuse or go hungry and that they want to stay in school and have a place to live.

Cooper understood that “terminating parental rights is death penalty” and still

believed it was in the children’s best interest.

D.    Interview with Child

      On September 23, 2025, Father’s trial counsel and the children’s attorney ad

litem jointly filed a motion requesting that the court confer with the children in

chambers. On September 25, 2025, after the close of trial, the trial court raised the

matter of interviewing the eldest child, Timothy, only. The trial court asked whether

any party wanted a record of the interview, and all parties declined. Following trial,

the trial court interviewed Timothy in chambers, and no record was prepared.2

E.    Termination Order

      On October 9, 2025, the trial court rendered its ruling, terminating the parent-

child relationship between the children and Mother and Father and appointing the



2
      When, as here, the interviewed child is under the age of 12, the Texas Family Code
      does not require that a record be made of the interview. See TEX. FAM. CODE
      § 153.009(f) (requiring that, on motion or sua sponte, “the court shall cause a record
      of the interview to be made when the child is 12 years of age or older” and that
      “record of the interview shall be part of the record in the case”). Because no record
      was prepared nor was one required, “we need not presume that facts existed” that
      support the trial court’s judgment. See Forbes v. Wettman, 598 S.W.2d 231, 232
      (Tex. 1980) (holding that children’s unsworn statements in interview with court
      would not be presumed to support trial court’s denial of writ of habeas corpus in
      custody dispute); cf. In re Lau, 89 S.W.3d 757, 760-61 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
      Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (presuming facts existed from off-record interview that
      supported trial court’s findings where children were over age of 12 and, thus, the
      Texas Family Code required a record, but parties failed to request one).

                                            15
Department managing conservator of the children. On October 31, 2025, the trial

court entered its order of termination. In that order, the trial court found, by clear

and convincing evidence, that the Department made reasonable efforts to return the

children to Mother and Father but that a continuing danger in the home prevented

their return. The trial court further found by clear and convincing evidence that both

parents (1) “knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in

conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of

the children” and (2) “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with

persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-

being of the children.” See TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). The trial court

also found that termination of the parent-child relationship was in the children’s best

interest as to both Mother and Father.

                       Commencement of Trial on the Merits

      In their first issues, Mother and Father contend that the trial court failed to

commence trial on the merits within the time required by section 263.401(a), which

provides as follows:

      Unless the court has commenced the trial on the merits or granted an
      extension . . . , on the first Monday after the first anniversary of the date
      the court rendered a temporary order appointing the department as
      temporary managing conservator, the court’s jurisdiction over the suit
      affecting the parent-child relationship filed by the department that
      requests termination of the parent-child relationship or requests that the
      department be named conservator of the child is terminated and the suit
      is automatically dismissed without a court order. Not later than the 60th

                                           16
      day before the day the suit is automatically dismissed, the court shall
      notify all parties to the suit of the automatic dismissal date.

TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.401(a). The trial court first appointed the Department as

temporary managing conservator on January 31, 2024. The Monday following the

one-year anniversary of that date was February 3, 2025. On November 12, 2024, the

trial court entered an order under section 263.401(b) of the Texas Family Code,

extending the automatic dismissal date by 180 days to August 2, 2025. TEX. FAM.

CODE § 263.401(b). Neither Mother nor Father challenges the propriety of that order.

However, they both contend that the trial on the merits did not commence until

September 25, 2025, well after the August 2, 2025 deadline. They argue that the first

purported day of trial on July 21, 2025, was a “sham” designed to circumvent

automatic dismissal under section 263.401.

      Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that

we review de novo. City of Houston v. Rhule, 417 S.W.3d 440, 442 (Tex. 2013)

(citing Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. A.P.I. Pipe & Supply, LLC, 397 S.W.3d 162, 166

(Tex. 2013)). In determining whether trial on the merits commenced under section

263.401 of the Texas Family Code, courts have considered whether “(a) preliminary

matters were addressed, (b) the parties announced ‘ready,’ (c) opening statements

were made, (d) witnesses were sworn, (e) a party called a witness to testify, and

(f) exhibits were admitted.” In re J.L.J., 645 S.W.3d 294, 296 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2022, pet. denied) (citation modified) (collecting cases); see In re R.J.,

                                          17
579 S.W.3d 97, 109 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. denied) (considering

whether parties announced “ready,” witnesses were sworn, and trial court heard

testimony). Courts have also considered whether trial was called on the date recited

in the final order. J.L.J., 645 S.W.3d at 295 (citing In re N.F., No. 09-19-00435-CV,

2020 WL 2070286, at *15 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Apr. 30, 2020, pet. denied) (mem.

op.)).

         Here, the trial court’s June 18, 2025 “Permanency Hearing Order Before Final

Order” set trial on the merits for June 23, 2025. On June 23, 2025, the Department’s

counsel filed a “Notice of Trial Setting,” setting trial on the merits for July 21, 2025.

On July 21, 2025, counsel for the Department announced ready for trial, and no other

counsel objected to proceeding with trial. Prior to that day, the Department’s counsel

circulated exhibits. The record is unclear whether any exhibits were admitted that

day, but none was introduced. The Department called its first witness, Cali Redding.

Redding was sworn, the Department completed its direct examination, and all other

counsel reserved their questions for the next day of trial. Mother and Father point to

evidence in the record that the parties did not intend to try the case on July 21, 2025.

On the docket sheet, a July 11, 2025 “Judge’s Notes on Hearings and Trials” states:

“will need to do a start/stop on 7/21/25.” On July 21, 2025, after the parties made

their announcements, the Department’s counsel stated, “I believe we’re going to start

and then recess this case . . . .”


                                           18
      The courts of appeals have considered and rejected arguments similar to those

raised by Mother and Father. See, e.g., In re Z.S., 631 S.W.3d 313, 318-19 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.) (addressing and rejecting argument that

parties’ agreement to “start and stop” did not commence trial on that date); In re

R.A.L., No. 01-24-00347-CV, 2024 WL 4455599, at *11-12 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Oct. 10, 2024, no pet.) (mem. op.) (addressing and rejecting argument that

trial date was “sham” and that brief testimony was not sufficient to commence trial).

Nonetheless, Father compares this case to In re. D.S., 455 S.W.3d 750 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2015, no pet.). In D.S., the court of appeals determined that the trial court

failed to commence trial within section 263.401’s deadline where (1) the parties

never answered whether they were ready for trial; (2) the trial court immediately

called counsel for the parties to the bench, inquired as to how long trial would take,

and upon receiving an answer, “immediately ‘recessed’ the hearing and instructed

counsel to obtain a subsequent trial date from the court coordinator”; (3) no

substantive action was taken regarding the case; and (4) no preliminary matters or

motions were heard. Id. at 752-53.

      Here, unlike in D.S., the Department’s counsel circulated exhibits prior to the

date trial started, the parties appeared, counsel made their announcements, and

witnesses were sworn. The Department called its first witness, who briefly testified.

All other counsel were given an opportunity to question the witness but elected to


                                         19
reserve any cross-examination until trial resumed. We conclude that the record

contains sufficient evidence that trial commenced on July 21, 2025, and within

section 263.401’s deadline.

      We overrule each parent’s first issue.

                     Sufficiency of Evidence for Termination

      In a case to terminate parental rights under section 161.001 of the Texas

Family Code, the Department must establish that (1) the parent committed one or

more of the enumerated acts or omissions justifying termination and (2) termination

is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b). Only one predicate

finding under section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary to support a judgment of

termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest.

In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). The Department must prove both

elements—i.e., a statutorily prescribed predicate finding and that termination is in

the child’s best interest—by clear and convincing evidence. In re E.N.C., 384

S.W.3d 796, 803 (Tex. 2012). The Family Code defines “clear and convincing

evidence” as “the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the

trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be

established.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 101.007.

      In addition, in suits brought by the Department, as here, courts “may not order

termination . . . unless the court finds by clear and convincing evidence” that “the


                                           20
department made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent before

commencement of a trial on the merits and despite those reasonable efforts, a

continuing danger remains in the home that prevents the return of the child to the

parent . . . .” Id. § 161.001(f). The court may only dispense with the requirements of

subsection (f) if “the court finds that the parent has subjected the child to aggravated

circumstances.” Id. §§ 161.001(f)(2), 262.2015(a).

      In his third, fourth, and fifth issues,3 Father challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence to support the trial court’s termination of his parental rights under

subsections (D) and (E), the trial court’s finding that termination is in the children’s

best interest, and the trial court’s reasonable-efforts and continuing-danger findings.

In her second and fourth issues, Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence

to support the trial court’s finding that termination is in the children’s best interest

and the trial court’s continuing-danger findings to support termination of her

parental rights. She does not challenge the trial court’s predicate-ground findings.

See id. § 161.001(b)(1) (prescribing grounds for termination).




3
      We address Father’s sufficiency challenges before turning to his second issue—
      ineffective assistance of counsel—because our determination regarding the
      sufficiency of the evidence to support termination is interrelated with our
      determination regarding whether Father was harmed by any ineffective assistance
      of counsel.

                                          21
A.    Standard of Review

      When assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a termination

proceeding, we consider all evidence in the record in the light most favorable to the

trial court’s finding and decide “whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed

a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256,

266 (Tex. 2002); see City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 817 (Tex. 2005)

(discussing elevated standard of review in parental termination cases). We assume

that any disputed facts were resolved in favor of the finding if a reasonable factfinder

could have done so. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. When “no reasonable factfinder could

form a firm belief or conviction” that the matter on which the Department bears the

burden of proof is true, we “must conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient.”

Id.

      In reviewing the evidence’s factual sufficiency, we consider the entire record,

including disputed evidence. Id. The evidence is factually insufficient if, considering

the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have

resolved in favor of the finding is so significant that the factfinder could not

reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction. Id.; In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624,

631 (Tex. 2018) (citing J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266).

      We give due deference to the factfinder’s findings, and we cannot substitute

our own judgment for that of the factfinder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex.


                                          22
2006) (per curiam). The factfinder is the sole arbiter when assessing the credibility

and demeanor of witnesses. Id. at 109.

B.    Predicate Findings Under Subsections (D) and (E)

      In Father’s third issue, he challenges the factual and legal sufficiency of the

evidence to support the trial court’s termination of his parental rights under

subsections (D) and (E) of section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code. TEX.

FAM. CODE §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). Because termination under subsection (D) or

(E) may justify termination of parental rights to other children in future cases, we

must review both grounds, even though only one ground is sufficient to support

termination. In re R.R.A., 687 S.W.3d 269, 279 (Tex. 2024) (citing In re N.G., 577

S.W.3d 230, 235-37 (Tex. 2019); TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(M)); see TEX.

FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(M) (providing as ground of termination that parent “had

his or her parent-child relationship terminated with respect to another child based on

a finding that the parent’s conduct was in violation of Paragraph (D) or (E)”).

Whether we affirm or reverse the trial court’s judgment on the basis of subsection

(D) or (E), due process requires that we detail the analysis of our decision. N.G., 577

S.W.3d at 237.

      Section 161.001(b)(1)(D) of the Family Code provides that the trial court may

order termination of the parent-child relationship if it finds by clear and convincing

evidence that the parent has “knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to


                                          23
remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-

being of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D). Section 161.001(b)(1)(E)

provides that the trial court may terminate a parent’s rights if the trial court finds by

clear and convincing evidence that the parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly

placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical

or emotional well-being of the child.” Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(E).

      Because evidence concerning termination under subsections (D) and (E) is

interrelated, we may consolidate our examination of the evidence for both grounds.

In re A.J.H., No. 01-18-00245-CV, 2019 WL 190050, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Jan. 15, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing In re M.T.W., No. 01-11-00162-

CV, 2011 WL 6938542, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2011, no

pet.) (mem. op.); In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 126 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003,

no pet.)). “Endanger” is a term used in both subsections (D) and (E). To “endanger”

a child means exposing him or her to loss or injury. In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269

(Tex. 1996) (citing Tex. Dep’t of Hum. Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.

1987)). While endangerment often involves physical endangerment, the statute does

not require that conduct be directed at a child or that the child actually suffer any

injury; rather, the specific danger to the child’s well-being may be inferred from the

parent’s misconduct alone. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; In re N.J.H., 575 S.W.3d 822,

831 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.). A parent’s


                                           24
conduct that subjects “a child to life of uncertainty and instability endangers the

child’s physical and emotional well-being.” In re J.S., 584 S.W.3d 622, 635 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, no pet.) (citation modified). The Department does

not need to establish that a parent intended to endanger a child to support termination

based on endangerment. In re M.A.J., 612 S.W.3d 398, 407 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2020, pet. denied).

      Although both subsections (D) and (E) both focus on endangerment, “they

differ with regard to the source and proof of endangerment.” In re A.S., 261 S.W.3d

76, 83 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (citing In re S.M.L., 171

S.W.3d 472, 477 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.), overruled on

other grounds by In re L.C.L., 599 S.W.3d 79 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2020, pet. denied) (en banc)). Subsection (D) concerns the children’s environment,

rather than the parent’s conduct, although the parent’s conduct can affect the

children’s environment. Id. Under subsection (D), “knowingly” does not require that

a parent have “certain knowledge that an actual injury is occurring.” In re L.M.M.,

522 S.W.3d 34, 44 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied) (citing A.S.,

261 S.W.3d at 83). Rather, a parent acts “knowingly” when he or she is aware of the

potential danger but disregards that risk. Id. Under subsection (E), the evidence must

show that the endangerment was the result of the parent’s conduct, including acts,

omissions, or a failure to act. In re K.P., 498 S.W.3d 157, 171 (Tex. App.—Houston


                                          25
[1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Additionally, under that subsection, courts may

consider conduct both before and after the Department removed the child from the

home. In re J.A.R., 696 S.W.3d 245, 254 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2024,

pet. denied); In re J.D.G., 570 S.W.3d 839, 851 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2018, pet. denied).

      Here, the Department opened this case after law enforcement responded to a

domestic violence incident involving Mother and Father. Law enforcement observed

the family living in their vehicle, which the Department’s investigation supervisor

confirmed after speaking with the eldest child, Timothy. The trial court also heard

testimony from the forensic interviewer that Timothy reported his parents leaving

him and his brother at drug houses. The trial court also heard testimony from the

forensic interviewer and caseworker regarding Timothy’s sexual-abuse allegations

against Father.

      At trial, Father acknowledged prior use of methamphetamine. After the

children’s removal, he submitted to two drugs tests. On both tests, Father tested

positive for amphetamines, and on the second test, he also tested positive for

marijuana. Father’s second, and final, drug test was on March 27, 2024, roughly 15

months before the first day of trial. Father did not appear for any further testing. He

also did not complete any services under his service plan. At the time of trial, Father

had not seen either child for well over a year, since February 2024.


                                          26
      Father argues that the record does not establish the “where, when, or how” of

various allegations, including domestic-violence incidents, drug use, or sexual

abuse, and that corroborating evidence was not introduced. However, we “must defer

to the factfinder’s judgment as to the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to

give their testimony, including reasonable and logical inferences from the evidence.”

R.R.A., 687 S.W.3d at 279 n.50 (citing In re Z.N., 602 S.W.3d 541, 548 (Tex. 2020)).

Although neither child testified, other witnesses—including an investigation

supervisor and caseworker for the Department and a forensic interviewer—testified

to statements made by the children, without any objection. Those statements were

consistent with each other, and the trial court could have deemed the statements

credible. See In re R.H.W. III, 542 S.W.3d 724, 734 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (“Unobjected-to hearsay is, as a matter of law, probative

evidence.” (citing Tex. Commerce Bank, N.A. v. New, 3 S.W.3d 515, 516 (Tex.

1999); TEX. R. EVID. 802)). Rule 802 of the Texas Rules of Evidence does not

deprive hearsay statements of probative value merely because they are hearsay. TEX.

R. EVID. 802. However, that does not mean that unobjected-to hearsay will always

be probative or must be credited by a reviewing court. See In re D.C., No. 05-19-

01217-CV, 2020 WL 1042692, at *9 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 4, 2020, pet. denied)

(mem. op.) (concluding that hearsay evidence without substantiating details or even

the identity of the declarant was not enough to “produc[e] a firm belief or conviction


                                         27
that the allegation is true” (quoting In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 113 (Tex. 2014))).

With respect to the hearsay evidence here, multiple witnesses testified to statements

that were similar or consistent with one another, and the identities of the declarants

were known.

      Additionally, the record of Father’s post-removal conduct supports the trial

court’s endangerment finding. See Phillips v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory

Servs., 25 S.W.3d 348, 352-54 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (concluding that

parent’s post-removal conduct and failure to utilize Department’s services supported

endangerment finding). While he testified at trial that he was sober, the trial court

could have reasonably disregarded that testimony given his failure to submit to any

drug tests in the 15 months preceding the start of trial and his two prior positive tests.

Father also did not complete any services, including a parenting-skills course or a

substance-abuse assessment. The record supports the trial court’s determination that

Father has not remedied the endangering conditions that caused the children’s

removal. Given Father’s history of drug use, the family’s homelessness at time of

removal, evidence of abuse, and Father’s lack of improvement, the evidence is

legally and factually sufficient to support termination under subsections (D) and (E).

See R.R.A., 687 S.W.3d at 281 (concluding evidence was legally sufficient under

subsections (D) and (E) where parent had history of drug use, tested positive for

illegal substances, refused to appear for drug tests, and disengaged from


                                           28
“communications, services, and the children themselves”); In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d

251, 265-66 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (concluding evidence

was legally and factually sufficient under subsection (E) where parent had history of

drug use, failed to appear for drug tests throughout case, lacked permanent housing,

and was unemployed prior to removal and throughout case); N.J.H., 575 S.W.3d at

832-33 (concluding evidence was legally and factually sufficient under subsection

(E) where parent continued drug abuse during case and had history of violence

against family); In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d 915, 926 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no

pet.) (concluding evidence was legally and factually sufficient under subsection (D)

where parent left children with domestic partner who had history of drug abuse and

violence).

      We overrule Father’s third issue.

C.    Statutorily Required Findings

      In 2023, the legislature added subsection 161.001(f) to the Texas Family

Code, which reads:

      In a suit for termination of the parent-child relationship filed by the
      Department of Family and Protective Services, the court may not order
      termination of the parent-child relationship under Subsection (b)(1)
      unless the court finds by clear and convincing evidence and describes
      in writing with specificity in a separate section of the order that:

      (1)    the department made reasonable efforts to return the child to the
             parent before commencement of a trial on the merits and despite
             those reasonable efforts, a continuing danger remains in the
             home that prevents the return of the child to the parent; or

                                          29
      (2)    reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent, including the
             requirement for the department to provide a family service plan
             to the parent, have been waived under Section 262.2015.

TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(f); Act of June 12, 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., ch. 675, § 1,

2023 Tex. Gen. Laws 1644, 1644 (codified at TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(f)).

      Both Mother and Father challenge the factual and legal sufficiency of the

evidence to support the trial court’s finding that a continuing danger remains in the

home that prevents the return of the children. Only Father challenges the sufficiency

of the evidence to support the trial court’s reasonable-efforts finding.

      1.     Reasonable efforts to return children

      The phrase “reasonable efforts to return the child” is not new to the Texas

Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(N) (providing ground for

termination if Department proves, among other things, “the department has made

reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent”). When a party seeks to terminate

the parent-child relationship on the basis of subsection (N), the trial court must find

by clear and convincing evidence that, among other things, the Department “has

made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent.” Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(N).

We presume that the legislature enacted section 161.001(f) “with full knowledge of

the existing condition of the law and with reference to it.” In re Pirelli Tire, L.L.C.,

247 S.W.3d 670, 677 (Tex. 2007) (quoting Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc.

v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Tex. 2001)) (interpreting statutory factors to

                                          30
comport with common-law factors that statute adopted). Accordingly, judicial

interpretation of “reasonable efforts” as used in subsection (N) informs the meaning

of “reasonable efforts” in section 161.001(f). In re P.Y., ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, No.

14-25-00696-CV, 2026 WL 363515, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb.

10, 2026, no pet. h.); In re M.B., ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, No. 14-25-00418-CV, 2025

WL 3275376, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 25, 2025, no pet. h.); In

re M.N.M., 708 S.W.3d 321, 328 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2025, pet. denied).

      Under subsection (N), creating and implementing a service plan is generally

considered a reasonable effort to return a child to his or her parent. M.N.M., 708

S.W.3d at 329; In re L.E.R., 650 S.W.3d 771, 786 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2022, no pet.) (citing In re A.M.T., No. 14-18-01084-CV, 2019 WL 2097541, at *4

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 14, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.); In re

A.L.H., 468 S.W.3d 738, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.); In re

K.G., 350 S.W.3d 338, 354 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet. denied)). The

Department is required to make “reasonable efforts, not ideal efforts.” In re N.K.T.,

No. 01-16-00439-CV, 2016 WL 6277415, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

Oct. 27, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting In re S.R., No. 12-14-00238-CV, 2015

WL 302493, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler Jan. 23, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.)).




                                         31
      Here, pursuant to subsection 161.001(f), the trial court found by clear and

convincing evidence that “the Department made reasonable efforts to return the

children to the parents,” which included:

          • The Department created a family service plan for Father and
            Mother that was tailored to address any specific issues identified
            (i.e. substance abuse evaluations, substance abuse treatment
            (mother), random drug testing, parenting skills, psychological
            issues, employment and safe & stable home environment);

          • Made referrals for services, provided services (including
            therapy), and paid for services to address the reasons the children
            came into care; [and]

          • Discussed safe placement options with Mother and Father,
            however, all provided relatives were not available for safe
            placement of the children (paternal grandparents are unable to
            keep the children) . . . .

      Father contends that these efforts are not sufficient to constitute “reasonable

efforts.” He argues that, because these efforts are statutorily required, they cannot be

sufficient. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.101 (requiring filing of service plan); id.

§ 263.102 (prescribing contents of service plan); id. § 263.103 (prescribing when

and how service plan takes effect).

      Father points us to no authority for the proposition that the Department’s

reasonable efforts must exceed its compliance with statutory requirements. As

mentioned, the creation and implementation of a service plan generally constitute

reasonable efforts. N.K.T., 2016 WL 6277415, at *8. Father does not explain why or

how his service plan was deficient. The service plan stated Father’s “NEEDS AND
                                            32
ACTIONS TO ADDRESS,” including the Department’s concerns regarding

“ongoing substance abuse,” “domestic violence,” unemployment and ability to

provide for the children, and use of “illegal substances as a coping mechanism.” For

each item, the service plan provided a concrete action or set of actions for Father to

take. With the exception of Father’s unemployment, Father was provided a resource

to address each need, including a service center for parenting-skills courses, a facility

for drug testing, and a substance-abuse provider. There is factually and legally

sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that the Department made

reasonable efforts to return the children. See Liu v. Dep’t of Fam. & Protective

Services, 273 S.W.3d 785, 795-96 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.)

(concluding evidence of “reasonable efforts” was legally and factually sufficient

where Department created a service plan that included recommendations and

resources); N.K.T., 2016 WL 6277415, at *8-10 (same).

      Father suggests that the lack of his signature on the service plan makes it

defective. However, a service plan “takes effect when” either (1) “the child’s parents

and the appropriate representative of the department sign the plan” or (2) “the court

issues an order giving effect to the plan without the parents’ signatures.” TEX. FAM.

CODE § 263.103(d). Here, on April 1, 2024, the trial court issued an order approving

the service plans and giving them effect despite the fact that neither parent had

signed his or her service plan. Father’s service plan was effective as of that date,


                                           33
notwithstanding that he did not sign it. Furthermore, Father was aware of the service

plan because a copy of it was served on him, and the caseworker testified that Father

acknowledged he had a copy of it.

      2.     Continuing danger

      Both Father and Mother challenge the trial court’s continuing-danger

findings. Several courts of appeals have considered challenges to the sufficiency of

the evidence to support continuing-danger findings and have found relevant that the

parent failed to abide by the service plan, continued to test positive for illegal drugs,

lived with a domestic partner with a history of drug abuse, and was incarcerated and

physically unable to care for the child. See P.Y., 2026 WL 363515, at *7 (noting

parent’s incarceration); M.N.M., 708 S.W.3d at 332 (same); In re C.Q., No. 03-25-

00638-CV, 2026 WL 303008, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 5, 2026, no pet. h.)

(mem. op.) (noting parent continued drug use, lived with domestic partner with

history of drug abuse, stopped attending therapy, and did not attend another

substance-abuse program before termination suit); In re T.D.-B., No. 06-25-00054-

CV, 2025 WL 3684457, at *6 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Dec. 19, 2025, pet. filed)

(mem. op.) (noting parent continued drug use and was jailed during pendency of

case for drug-related charge); cf. R.R.A., 687 S.W.3d at 281 (concluding evidence of

endangerment under subsections (D) and (E) was legally sufficient where, among




                                           34
other things, father had “ongoing drug use, homelessness, employment instability,

and near-complete abandonment of his children for the six months preceding trial”).

      However, neither this Court nor any of our sister courts of appeals appears to

have construed the meaning of the phrase “continuing danger” as used in section

161.001(f). Like “reasonable efforts,” the term “continuing danger” is not unique to

that section. For example, in suits affecting the parent-child relationship in which

the Department has been appointed as the temporary or permanent managing

conservator of a child, “[a]t each permanency hearing before the final order” the

court must order return of the children “unless the court finds, with respect to each

parent, that . . . there is a continuing danger to the physical health or safety of the

child . . . .” TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.002(c)(1); see id. § 262.201(g)(3) (requiring,

when certain prerequisites are met, court find at conclusion of adversary hearing

“sufficient evidence to satisfy a person of ordinary prudence and caution that . . .

reasonable efforts have been made to enable the child to return home, but there is a

substantial risk of a continuing danger if the child is returned home”). However,

while the use of “reasonable efforts” in subsection (N) closely mirrors the use of that

same phrase in section 161.001(f), we are unaware of any provision of the Texas

Family Code that uses “continuing danger” in the same manner as it is used in section

161.001(f), particularly under the relevant evidentiary standard: clear and

convincing evidence. Section 263.002 applies to interlocutory hearings and does not


                                          35
state any legal standard pursuant to which the trial court makes its findings. Id. §

263.002(c)(1). Section 262.201(g)(3) explicitly applies a lower standard—sufficient

evidence to satisfy a person of ordinary prudence and caution—and only requires a

“substantial risk of a continuing danger,” not a “continuing danger” itself. Id. §

262.201(g)(3).

      The Department argues that predicate grounds (D) and (E) should inform the

meaning of “danger” in section 161.001(f). See id. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). We

agree that the meaning of “endanger” in grounds (D) and (E), each of which have a

history of judicial interpretation, informs the meaning of “danger” in section

161.001(f). However, we cannot stop there. Section 161.001(f) requires that the

danger (1) be “continuing,” (2) “remain[] in the home,” and (3) “prevent[] the return

of the child to the parent.” Id. § 161.001(f). We must “presume the Legislature

included each word in the statute for a purpose.” In re M.N., 262 S.W.3d 799, 802

(Tex. 2008) (citing Eddins-Walcher Butane Co. v. Calvert, 298 S.W.2d 93, 96 (Tex.

1957)). We conclude that, at the least, section 161.001(f) requires that a danger be

in existence and prevent return of the child. That does not necessarily mean that prior

conduct is insufficient to support a finding of a “continuing danger.” A parent’s prior

conduct permits an inference that his endangering conduct will continue in the

future. In re N.J.H., 575 S.W.3d 822, 832-33 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018,

pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 724 (Tex. App.—


                                          36
Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective

Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied)).

      Pursuant to section 161.001(f), the trial court made the following specific

findings with respect to the existence of a continuing danger despite the

Department’s reasonable efforts:

         • Mother continues to have communication with the Father who is
           alleged to have committed sexual assault of both children
           (contact as recently as six weeks prior to trial);

         • There are concerns with the Mother’s lack of protection of the
           children in the past and concerns for the future; Mother has stated
           that she did not think the father would do this; Mother has failed
           to completed [sic] the Protective Parenting Counseling (virtual
           on phone) and Child Sexual Abuse Education; she was
           unsuccessfully discharged, after missing 4 sessions[;]

         • There are concerns with the mother’s sobriety; Mother was told
           not to dye her hair; however, it was dyed; the Department has
           requested drug testing multiple times, and mother has not had
           random drug screening since May 2025; and

         • The children have ongoing therapy and medical needs which
           need to be addressed – mental health and physical needs
           ([Richard’s] are significant); there are concerns as to the ability
           of the mother to address these issues;

         • The mother does not have housing for the children, although she
           may be able to be placed elsewhere[;]

         • Father has done nothing to rectify the situation or to complete
           services; [and]




                                        37
          • Father is incarcerated on the charges of continuous sexual abuse
            of the children and due to the serious allegations of sexual abuse
            constitutes a danger to the children.

      With respect to Father, he challenges the incarceration finding as inaccurate

and lacking evidentiary support. He contends that he was “arrested on a warrant for

sexual assault of a child.” It is unclear whether Father contends that the term

“incarcerated” is inaccurate or merely that the stated basis for his incarceration was

inaccurate. Either way, it is undisputed that Father was jailed at the time of trial. The

trial court also heard testimony from the arresting officer, who stated that he arrested

Father pursuant to a warrant for sexual assault of a child. We conclude that the record

supports the trial court’s incarceration finding.

      Additionally, the trial court found that Father did not complete the services

outlined in the service plan. Where there is sufficient evidence of endangerment

under subsections (D) and (E), Father’s failure to engage in any services to remediate

the endangering conditions permits the inference that Father will continue to engage

in endangering conduct in the future and, thus, supports the existence of a continuing

danger. See N.J.H., 575 S.W.3d at 832-33 (holding that parent’s violent criminal

history permitted inference that violent behavior would continue in future and

supported termination under ground (E)). This failure coupled with Father’s

incarceration supports the trial court’s continuing-danger finding.




                                           38
      With respect to Mother, she argues that the evidence is insufficient to support

the trial court’s continuing-danger findings or that, in the alternative, those findings

do not constitute a “continuing danger.” The trial court found that Mother continued

communicating with Father, failed to complete a protective parenting course, stated

she did not think Father would commit sexual abuse of the children, and had not

submitted to a drug test since May 2025.

      Regarding Mother’s continued communications with Father, the evidence in

the record shows two phone calls and one Facebook post. In the first call, Father

called Mother when placed under arrest, and he made the call using the arresting

officer’s phone, not from any number Mother could have identified. The call was

brief and ended with them each telling the other “I love you.” As to the second phone

call, there is no evidence of the contents of that communication. Lastly, the Facebook

post, which was admitted without any accompanying testimony, states: “I hope your

[sic] starting to feel better and are starting to get back to your healthy self [sic] me

and the boys love you. Hope you now see that you deserve better and a better life.”

There was no other evidence of communication between Mother and Father.

Additionally, there was no evidence that Mother and Father had any face-to-face

meetings outside of court appearances. Father did not attend any visitations with

Mother, and Mother testified that she does not have a relationship with Father.




                                           39
      It is undisputed that Mother failed to complete a protective parenting course,

which the Department requested of her following the children’s allegations of sexual

abuse by Father, and which the trial court ordered Mother to complete. The

“treatment plan” for the course included the following issues to be addressed:

(1) “improve understanding of child abuse and neglect” and (2) “improve protective

factors to prevent child abuse and neglect.” The caseworker testified that the

Department requested this course after Mother told the caseworker that “she didn’t

think [Father] would do” the conduct alleged by the children. Although Mother

began the course, she did not complete it and was discharged due to missing too

many appointments. Mother testified that she did not realize that asking to

reschedule too many appointments would result in her being discharged. In contrast,

the caseworker testified that the course’s service provider informed Mother that the

provider’s policy was that Mother should not miss more than two appointments. As

the factfinder, the trial court was free to credit the caseworker’s testimony and

disbelieve Mother’s explanation. See In re J.W., 645 S.W.3d 726, 745 (Tex. 2022)

(noting that factfinder evaluates witness credibility and appellate court may not

reweigh evidence). The caseworker further testified that the protective parenting

course was virtual and telephonic, and Mother never reported difficulty maintaining

a phone or Internet access. These facts were undisputed at trial. Mother’s failure to

complete a course designed to improve her understanding of child abuse and increase


                                         40
protectiveness supports the trial court’s continuing-danger finding that “[t]here are

concerns with the Mother’s lack of protection.”

      It is also undisputed that Mother’s last drug test was in May 2025. There was

no evidence as to the number of missed tests or the Department’s requests. Mother

continued to reside in a sober-living home and continued to see the children after

May 2025. However, Mother also began bleaching and dyeing her hair. Mother’s

service plan specifically stated that “[f]ailing to submit to a drug screen” or

“chemically altering hair . . . will be considered a positive result,” and the caseworker

testified that dyeing or bleaching hair interferes with hair-follicle samples used in

drug testing. Mother’s failure to appear for a drug test in the four months prior to the

close of trial supports the trial court’s continuing-danger finding that “[t]here are

concerns with the mother’s sobriety.” See In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874, 885 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (noting that factfinder could reasonably

infer that parent’s failure to submit to court-ordered drug screening indicated parent

was avoiding testing due to ongoing drug use).

      The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s

findings that Mother lacks protectiveness and is presumptively not sober. These

findings, in turn, satisfy subsection (f)’s requirement that the Department prove by

clear and convincing evidence that a continuing danger “remains in the home that

prevents the return of the child to the parent.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(f); see


                                           41
T.D.-B., 2025 WL 3684457, at *6 (finding “no error in the trial court’s Section

161.001(f) finding” where father had history of drug use and had presumptively

positive drug test results).

D.     Children’s Best Interest

       Mother and Father contend that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of their parental rights

was in Timothy’s and Richard’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(2)

(requiring that trial court find that termination is in best interest of child). There is a

strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served by keeping the child

with the child’s natural parent. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006) (per

curiam); In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012,

no pet.). However, prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe

environment is also presumed to be in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 263.307(a). Because of the strong presumption in favor of maintaining the parent-

child relationship and the due-process implications of terminating parents’ rights to

their minor children without clear and convincing evidence, “the best interest

standard does not permit termination merely because a child might be better off

living elsewhere.” In re J.G.S., 574 S.W.3d 101, 121-22 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2019, pet. denied) (citation modified). Additionally, in a parental-rights

termination suit, the Department bears the burden of proving, by clear and


                                            42
convincing evidence, that the parents should no longer have any relationship with

the children whatsoever. In re D.L.W.W., 617 S.W.3d 64, 81 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2020, no pet.) (citing In re K.N.J., 583 S.W.3d 813, 827 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2019, no pet.); In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616-17 (Tex. 2007)).

      Courts may consider the following non-exclusive factors in reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence to support the best-interest finding: (1) the desires of the

child; (2) the present and future physical and emotional needs of the child; (3) the

present and future emotional and physical danger to the child; (4) the parental

abilities of the persons seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist those

persons seeking custody in promoting the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for

the child by the individuals or agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home

or proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate

the existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate; and (9) any excuse for the

parent’s acts or omissions. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).

These factors are not exhaustive, and evidence is not required on each factor to

support a finding that terminating a parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest. Id.;

D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d at 533. Moreover, evidence supporting termination under one

of the grounds listed in section 161.001(b)(1) can also be considered in support of a

finding that termination is in the best interest of the child. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d




                                           43
17, 28 (Tex. 2002) (holding same evidence may be probative of both section

161.001(b)(1) grounds and best-interest finding).

      In addition, the Texas Family Code sets out factors to be considered in

evaluating the parent’s willingness and ability to provide the child with a safe

environment, including: the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities;

whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who

have access to the child’s home; the willingness and ability of the child’s family to

seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and

facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision; the willingness and ability of

the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal changes within a

reasonable period of time; whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate

parenting skills, including providing the child with minimally adequate health and

nutritional care, a safe physical home environment, and protection from repeated

exposure to violence even though the violence may not be directed at the child; and

an understanding of the child’s needs and capabilities. TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 263.307(b); R.R., 209 S.W.3d at 116.

      As a preliminary issue, Father argues that the legislature’s recent amendments

to section 153.002 of the Texas Family Code supersede the Holley factors. TEX.

FAM. CODE § 153.002. In 2025, the legislature amended section 153.002 to include

two rebuttable presumptions that (1) “a parent acts in the best interest of the parent’s


                                          44
child” and (2) “it is in the best interest of a child to be in the care, custody, and

control of a parent.” Id. § 153.002(b); see Act of May 28, 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., ch.

236, § 2, sec. 153.002, 2025 Tex. Sess. Law. Serv. Ch. 236 (codified at TEX. FAM.

CODE § 153.002). A nonparent may only overcome these presumptions by “proving

by clear and convincing evidence that denial of the relief requested by the nonparent

would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development.”

Id. § 153.002(c). Father contends that section 153.002’s significant-impairment test

supersedes the Holley factors in a parental-rights termination suit. However, section

153.002 of the Texas Family Code “only applies to cases involving ongoing

conservatorship and possession rights, neither of which are implicated in a parental-

rights termination case.” In re K.D., 471 S.W.3d 147, 166 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2015, no pet.); see In re Morris, 498 S.W.3d 624, 630-34 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2016, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) (noting that chapter 153 of Texas

Family Code governs “suits for conservatorship, possession, and access to children”

and holding that, in absence of clear language to contrary, a provision in chapter 153

did not apply to termination suits under chapter 161 of Texas Family Code).

Accordingly, regardless of whether the recent amendments to section 153.002

supersede the Holley factors, that section does not apply here.




                                         45
      1.     Children’s desires and needs

      At the time of the first day of trial, July 21, 2025, Father had not seen Timothy

or Richard since February 2024. The caseworker testified that the children did not

want to visit Father. The children’s court-appointed advocate testified that the

children “continually say that they do not want to go back . . . . [T]hey don’t want to

go through the physical and sexual abuse anymore . . . .”

      As for Mother, the evidence of the children’s desires is mixed. At trial, the

caseworker read aloud from the children’s therapist’s notes. In therapy, Richard, the

younger child, consistently told his therapist he wants to live with Mother and that

he misses her. In a September 28, 2024 therapy session, Timothy told his therapist

that he did not want to return to Mother. In that same session, according to the

therapist’s notes, she “assured” Timothy that “he would not be going home,” and if

he left his current foster mother, he would be placed in “another foster home, not his

mother’s.” The caseworker testified that she did not think the therapist’s comments

to Timothy were appropriate. The caseworker testified that the children’s statements

in the notes that she read into the record were not said to her by the children. The

forensic interviewer testified that, when she met with Timothy in June 2025, he was

scheduled for a visit with Mother and “wanted to make sure that he got there.” At

the same time, Timothy told the interviewer that there were instances of Mother




                                          46
hitting him and “there was a lot more that he wanted to tell” the interviewer, but he

did not want to be late to the visit with Mother.

      With respect to Father, this factor weighs in favor of termination. Although

the children did not appear to directly state their desires regarding a continued

parent-child relationship with Father, the only evidence in the record regarding their

desires is that they do not want to see Father or return to living with him. As for

Mother, this factor is inconclusive. The children’s therapist’s notes are some

evidence in the record of the children’s desires; those therapy sessions were

conducted more than eight months before the second day of trial, and those

references are mixed as the children’s expressed desires changed over time.

However, the children’s court-appointed special advocate testified that the children

“continually” told him that they do not want to return to Mother, despite enjoying

their visits with her. The trial court could have relied on this testimony to conclude

that the children did not desire to live with their Mother or return to her care. See In

re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 109 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (noting that factfinder is

sole arbiter of witness credibility).

      2.     Children’s environment, needs, and dangers and parents’ abilities

      Proof of a parent’s acts or omissions under section 161.001(b)(1) may be

probative of the children’s best interest. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. A parent’s substance

abuse supports a finding that termination is in the best interest of the child. In re


                                          47
E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 266 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.)

(noting factfinder can give “great weight” to “significant factor” of drug-related

conduct); In re Z.H., No. 14-19-00061-CV, 2019 WL 2632015, at *6 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] June 27, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (considering parent’s drug

use in context of evaluating present and future emotional and physical danger to

child).

      Here, Father’s and Mother’s parental rights were terminated under grounds

(D) and (E). TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). Father and Mother

endangered Timothy and Richard by failing to provide a stable home and exposing

them to sexual and drug abuse. Father also subjected the children and Mother to

physical abuse. Father admitted his drug use prior to removal, and he failed to

demonstrate his sobriety during the pendency of the case. Timothy also alleged

sexual abuse by Father.

      Despite these conditions, which caused the children to enter the Department’s

care, Father showed virtually no interest in improving. During the pendency of the

case, he appeared for only two drug tests, both of which returned positive for illegal

substances. He completed no services, such as a substance-abuse program or

parenting-skills courses, both of which were included in Father’s service plan.

Finally, at the time of trial, Father was incarcerated under pending charges of sexual

abuse of a child. There is no evidence in the record that Father has the means to meet


                                         48
the emotional and physical needs of Timothy and Richard. Moreover, Father’s pre-

and post-removal conduct permits an inference that his endangering conduct will

continue in the future. In re N.J.H., 575 S.W.3d 822, 832-33 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied) (citing Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 724 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family &

Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet.

denied)).

      As for Mother, she does not challenge the trial court’s findings under

subsections (D) and (E), and she shares responsibility for the conditions prior to the

children’s removal. The children made allegations to their therapist and the forensic

interviewer that Mother hit them at times, that she failed to protect them from the

physical abuse of Father, and that she and Father exposed the children to “drug

houses” and instances of her and Father’s having sex with strangers. Although

Mother showed substantial improvement by the time of trial, she failed to complete

a parenting-skills course. Mother completed an inpatient substance abuse program

and continued to attend Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, and all

her random drug screenings returned negative; however, at the time of trial, Mother

had not completed a drug screening since May 2025, and she had dyed her hair

despite admonishments from the caseworker. The caseworker testified that dyeing

or bleaching hair interferes with hair-follicle samples used in drug testing. Per the


                                         49
terms of her service plan, Mother’s failure to appear for drug screenings and refrain

from dyeing her hair result in presumptively positive test results and cast doubt on

her sobriety. See In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874, 885 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (noting that factfinder could reasonably infer that parent’s

failure to submit to court-ordered drug screening indicated parent was avoiding

testing due to ongoing drug use).

      As evidence of Mother’s poor parenting skills, the Department relies on

statements in the children’s therapist’s notes that Mother told the children to

“destroy” their foster mother’s home. The therapist did not testify at trial, but the

caseworker read a portion of these notes into the record, including the statement that

Mother told the children to “destroy” their foster mother’s home. The caseworker’s

testimony casts doubt on the veracity of this allegation. After she picked up the

children from the visit, the children spoke of the visit, but “these things [the

allegations in the therapist’s notes] were not said to me. . . . What you had me read

were not said to me.” Nonetheless, for purposes of our review, we assume that the

trial court resolved the disputed evidence to find that Mother did make this

statement. Cervantes-Peterson v. Tex. Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., 221

S.W.3d 244, 249-50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (en banc).

      The Department also raised concerns regarding Mother’s lack of

protectiveness of the children. In support of the lack of protectiveness, the


                                         50
Department pointed not only to past conduct but also the fact that Mother continued

to speak with Father. We addressed this evidence in our discussion of the trial court’s

continuing-danger findings. The Department argued, and the trial court found, that

a continuing danger remained in Mother’s home because she continued to

communicate with Father. Mother testified that she does not have a relationship with

Father, and she intends to keep the children away from him if they are returned to

her custody. The only evidence of continued communication was two brief phone

calls and a Facebook post. This evidence alone does not support Mother’s lack of

protectiveness. However, in light of the children’s sex-abuse allegations against

Father, the Department requested that Mother complete a protective parenting

course, which she failed to do. The course was virtual and telephonic, yet Mother

failed to attend the sessions and was discharged from the course. Additionally, even

if the sex-abuse allegations were untrue, Mother admitted that Father had hit her and

that the children needed protection from him. Her failure to complete the protective

parenting course coupled with the history of domestic violence supports an inference

that endangering conduct will continue in the future. N.J.H., 575 S.W.3d at 832-33

(noting that a parent’s prior conduct permits an inference that her endangering

conduct will continue in the future).




                                          51
      3.     Plans for children and stability of home or placement

      Permanence and stability are paramount factors when considering whether

termination is in the children’s best interest. In re D.M., 452 S.W.3d 462, 472 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.); In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d 105, 120 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.). The caseworker testified that Timothy and

Richard are doing “pretty good” in their foster placement and that the placement

meets all their needs. However, the foster parents do not plan to adopt the children.

The Department’s plan for permanent placement is an unrelated adoption outside the

current foster home, but no prospective adoptive parents have been identified. Of the

relatives identified by the Department—two grandparents and a great aunt—none is

willing and able to take the children.

      Father is incarcerated, and the record reveals no plans Father has for the

children. There is no record evidence that Father has requested to see the children or

desires to see them. He told the caseworker that he has a home, but there is no

evidence of its existence or condition. He refused to allow the caseworker to visit

his residence.

      Mother has a stable home, although her current residence does not allow

children. Her previous residence allowed children but closed due to funding cuts,

causing her to move shortly before trial. Mother informed the caseworker that she

changed homes and the reasons for the move. The children visited Mother one to


                                         52
two times per month at her residence. Mother never missed a visitation, but some

visits were rescheduled depending on Mother’s work schedule. According to the

caseworker, her visits with Timothy and Richard went “really good.” Mother

testified that she would take the children to medical and dental appointments, but

she had not identified specific doctors or dentists. At trial, Mother testified that she

is employed, her job offers daycare benefits, and her manager is “very flexible.”

      These factors weigh in favor of termination of Father’s parental rights.

Although the Department has not identified a specific permanent placement for the

children, Father has no plan for the future of the children and has not demonstrated

that he can provide them a safe, stable environment. As for Mother, these factors are

neutral. Her home is stable, but her residence—a self-managed sober-living

facility—does not allow children, which would require her to move again in the

future if they were to live with her. That would be her third move in less than a year,

and at the time of trial, she had not identified a new residence. However, the

Department, having failed to identify a prospective adoptive family, also lacks a

permanent plan for the children. See In re K.N.J., 583 S.W.3d 813, 826-27 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2019, no pet.) (concluding that absence of permanent plan from

mother and Department did not “support a finding that terminating [mother’s]

parental rights is in the children’s best interest”); Yonko v. Dep’t of Family &

Protective Servs., 196 S.W.3d 236, 248 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no


                                          53
pet.) (concluding that Department’s lack of plans for permanent home “weighs

against termination”).

      4.     Overall best-interest conclusion

      Considering all the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that the evidence

is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination

of parental rights was in the children’s best interest. Father has failed to demonstrate

any improvement since the Department’s removal of the children. As to Mother, we

recognize her record of positive visits with the children and substantial progress

toward sobriety and stable living conditions. However, she does not contest that she

endangered her children, and she failed to complete a protective parenting course, a

requirement of her service plan designed to address one of the Department’s primary

concerns: Mother’s lack of protectiveness of the children. Mother also failed to

demonstrate that she remained sober, and the Department introduced evidence of

Mother’s failure to attend drug tests and refrain from dyeing her hair, which

interferes with hair-follicle drug testing. See In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d 528, 532-37

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (concluding evidence was legally

and factually sufficient to support best-interest finding where child’s placement was

stable, father lived with his mother, father tested positive on one drug test, and father

failed to comply with “significant aspects of the family plan,” including parenting

classes); D.M., 452 S.W.3d at 470-74 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.)


                                           54
(concluding evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support best-interest

finding where mother had history of drug use and incarceration and there were

concerns of mother relapsing given past relapses, despite mother’s recent positive

history of sobriety).

                           Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

         In Father’s second issue, he contends that the trial court erred in terminating

his parental rights because he received ineffective assistance of counsel and suffered

irreparable harm. Father asserts that his trial counsel did not render effective

assistance because she did not (1) object to the children’s hearsay statements to

which others testified, (2) serve a subpoena on the children’s therapist for records

and testimony, (3) solicit rebuttal testimony from Father, or (4) file a motion for new

trial.

A.       Standard of Review and Applicable Law

         When a governmental entity, including the Department, seeks termination of

the parent-child relationship or appointment of a conservator, indigent parents

opposing the termination or appointment have a statutory right to counsel. TEX. FAM.

CODE § 107.013(a). That statutory right “embodies the right to effective counsel.”

In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 544 (Tex. 2003). We review ineffective-assistance-of-

counsel claims in parental-rights termination proceedings, as in criminal cases, under

the two-part Strickland test. In re D.T., 625 S.W.3d 62, 73 (Tex. 2021) (citing


                                            55
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). Under Strickland, a party must

show that: (1) “counsel’s performance was deficient” and (2) “counsel’s errors were

so serious as to deprive the [party] of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id.

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).

       In evaluating the first prong, “we must take into account all of the

circumstances surrounding the case, and must primarily focus on whether counsel

performed in a reasonably effective manner.” Id. (citation modified). Counsel’s

conduct must be “so grossly deficient as to render proceedings fundamentally

unfair.” Id. (quoting M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 545). “[W]e must give great deference to

counsel’s performance, indulging ‘a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls

within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance,’ including the

possibility that counsel’s actions are strategic.” M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 545 (quoting

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). The challenged conduct must be “so outrageous that no

competent attorney would have engaged in it.” In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 111

(Tex. 2006) (quoting Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).

When the record is silent concerning counsel’s reasons, we “may not speculate to

find counsel ineffective.” P.W. v. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 403 S.W.3d

471, 478 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. dism’d w.o.j.) (citing Walker

v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 623 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied)); In re M.T.R., 579 S.W.3d 548, 574 (Tex.


                                            56
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet. denied); In re L.G.R., 498 S.W.3d 195, 209

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (citing P.W., 403 S.W.3d at

476).4

         Under Strickland’s second prong, we must consider “whether ‘there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error(s), the result of

the proceeding would have been different.’” M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 550 (quoting

Garcia, 57 S.W.3d at 440; and citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). “A reasonable


4
         As noted, the Strickland test is the same in both criminal cases and parental-rights
         termination suits. In re D.T., 625 S.W.3d 62, 73 (Tex. 2021) (citing Strickland v.
         Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). Because the record must demonstrate the
         merit of an appellant’s ineffective-assistance claim, “[d]irect appeal is usually an
         inadequate vehicle for raising such a claim because the record is generally
         undeveloped.” Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)
         (citing Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813-14 (Tex. Crim. App.1999)). However,
         while criminal defendants are “provided an avenue of adequate relief through a writ
         of habeas corpus if trial counsel was ineffective . . . parents [in parental-rights
         termination suits] . . . who allege ineffective assistance of counsel apparently have
         no recourse other than direct appeal by which to overturn the trial court’s judgment
         severing forever the ties with their children.” In re D.A.R., 201 S.W.3d 229, 230-31
         (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.) (citation modified). We are not the first court
         of appeals to note the discrepancy in remedies available to criminal defendants and
         parents appealing termination of their parental rights. See id. (noting lack of habeas
         remedy in parental-rights termination suits); In re C.S., No. 13-13-00095-CV, 2013
         WL 3895818, at *9 n.8 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg July 25, 2013, no
         pet.) (mem. op.) (same). Nonetheless, we are bound by this Court’s prior precedents
         that we “may not speculate to find counsel ineffective” when the record is silent.
         P.W. v. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 403 S.W.3d 471, 478 (Tex. App.—
         Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. dism’d w.o.j.) (citing Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family
         & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 623 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009,
         pet. denied)); see Mitschke v. Borromeo, 645 S.W.3d 251, 257 (Tex. 2022)
         (“[T]hree-judge panels must follow materially indistinguishable decisions of earlier
         panels of the same court unless a higher authority has superseded that prior
         decision.”).

                                               57
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Father bears the burden of “demonstrating a reasonable

probability that he would have been awarded custody of [the children] save for his

trial counsel’s ineptness.” In re V.V., 349 S.W.3d 548, 560 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied).

B.    Analysis

      1.     Hearsay statements

      Father contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance when she

failed to object to hearsay statements made by the children or, at the least, when she

failed to request the trial court make the required findings under section 104.006 of

the Texas Family Code for admission of the statements. See TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 104.006 (stating that certain otherwise inadmissible hearsay statements by child

regarding abuse are admissible if trial court makes findings regarding statements’

reliability). Specifically, Father complains that Keever’s testimony reciting prior,

out-of-court statements made by Timothy was inadmissible hearsay.

      Because the record is silent as to Father’s trial counsel’s reasons for not

objecting to these statements, we cannot speculate to find counsel ineffective. P.W.,

403 S.W.3d at 478. Even assuming that counsel’s performance was deficient, Father

must show harm to prevail on his ineffective-assistance claim. In addition to

Keever’s testimony—of which Father complains—the trial court also heard the


                                         58
testimony of the children’s caseworker, who also read into the record notes from the

children’s therapist. In the therapist’s notes, which the trial court admitted without

objection, she recorded the children’s physical- and sexual-abuse allegations. Father

also testified to his drug use following the children’s removal. Thus, Keever’s

complained-of testimony regarding the abuse allegations and Father’s drug use is

cumulative of other evidence in the record that was admitted without objection.

M.T.R., 579 S.W.3d at 570 (concluding that parent was not harmed by hearsay

evidence because there was “evidence identical or similar to the objected-to

evidence” (citing In re R.H.W. III, 542 S.W.3d 724, 740 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2018, no pet.)); In re B.K.G.D., No. 01-20-00057-CV, 2020 WL 3821086, at

*15 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 2, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding

that inadmissible hearsay was not harmful because it was cumulative of admissible

evidence).

      Additionally, had Father’s trial counsel objected to the children’s hearsay

statements to which Keever testified, it would have been proper for the trial court to

admit such statements. Under section 104.006 of the Texas Family Code:

      In a suit affecting the parent-child relationship, a statement made by a
      child 12 years of age or younger that describes alleged abuse against
      the child, without regard to whether the statement is otherwise
      inadmissible as hearsay, is admissible as evidence if, in a hearing
      conducted outside the presence of the jury, the court finds that the time,
      content, and circumstances of the statement provide sufficient
      indications of the statement’s reliability and:


                                         59
       (1)    the child testifies or is available to testify at the proceeding in
              court or in any other manner provided for by law; or

       (2)    the court determines that the use of the statement in lieu of the
              child’s testimony is necessary to protect the welfare of the child.

TEX. FAM. CODE § 104.006. Because Timothy and Richard were eleven and five

years old, respectively, at the time of trial, they were under the age of twelve when

the statements were made. The statements to which Keever testified “describe[d]

alleged abuse” against the children. Id. Had a hearing been requested under section

104.006,5 the trial court could have found that the hearsay statements were

sufficiently reliable and that the children were available to testify. There is no

indication in the record that the children were unavailable, and nothing in the record

suggests that any party requested their testimony or objected to their absence.

       Father also contends that his trial counsel should have called at least Timothy

as a trial witness. The decision to call or not to call a witness to testify typically falls


5
       The Fort Worth court of appeals has suggested that the requirements of section
       104.006 are mandatory and are analogous to article 38.072 of the Texas Code of
       Criminal Procedure, which governs admissibility of hearsay statements by child-
       abuse victims. In re K.L., 91 S.W.3d 1, 16 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.).
       We previously held that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance when counsel
       failed to object to hearsay statements and trigger article 38.072’s mandatory hearing
       requirements, even though the record was silent regarding counsel’s reasoning.
       Lopez v. State, 315 S.W.3d 90, 98-100 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010),
       rev’d, 343 S.W.3d 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The Texas Court of Criminal
       Appeals reversed that decision on the grounds that the record was silent, and
       therefore, we could not speculate as to counsel’s reasons for not objecting. Lopez,
       343 S.W.3d at 143 (“When such direct evidence is not available, we will assume
       that counsel had a strategy if any reasonably sound strategic motivation can be
       imagined.”).

                                            60
within counsel’s reasonable professional assistance. See, e.g., In re M.T.R., 579

S.W.3d at 575 (concluding that counsel did not render ineffective assistance by

failing to call mother’s boyfriend, who had long criminal record, to testify); In re

L.P., No. 09-19-00421-CV, 2020 WL 7062328, at *10 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Dec.

3, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“Since strategy plays a large role when deciding

whether to call a witness to testify in a trial, decisions in trials over whether to call a

witness to testify in the trial are not usually sufficient to prove a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel . . . .”); In re K.D., 202 S.W.3d 860, 867 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2006, no pet.) (holding that trial court’s denial of ineffective-assistance claim

was not abuse of discretion even where trial counsel failed to call any witnesses).

Here, trial counsel could have concluded that Timothy’s live testimony would have

been prejudicial and that trial counsel could better attack the child’s credibility

through other evidence in the record, such as the therapist’s notes, which were

admitted and are discussed below.

       2.     Subpoena to therapist

       Father contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing

to serve a subpoena on the children’s therapist to compel her trial testimony and

production of records. Father complains that the therapist could have provided

testimony undermining the children’s credibility because the therapist’s records

suggested that she believed the children to be “chronic liars.”


                                            61
      There is a “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide

range of reasonable professional assistance.” M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 549. A decision

not “to call a witness to testify in the trial” is “not usually sufficient to prove a claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel.” L.P., 2020 WL 7062328, at *10. Here, Father’s

trial counsel could have concluded that the therapist’s live testimony would have

been prejudicial. The trial court already admitted the therapist’s notes, which

recorded the children’s physical- and sexual-abuse allegations against Father. Those

same records also included the therapist’s notes that both children had difficulty

telling the truth. Father’s trial counsel could have concluded that the available

records were sufficient in lieu of the therapist’s live testimony or that live testimony

or further records would only have been prejudicial.

      Even if we concluded that trial counsel erred by not compelling the therapist’s

testimony, Father has not demonstrated harm. The trial court admitted the therapist’s

records and allowed the children’s caseworker to read portions aloud at trial. For

example, the caseworker read portions of the therapist’s notes of a January 13, 2025

session with Richard, in which the therapist stated, in part: “[Richard] is becoming

what [the foster mother] and the therapist calls [sic] a chronic liar. It seems as if he

does not think before he responds when being questioned about any one thing and

most often lying because he does responds [sic] without thinking. It has become

increasingly more difficult for the therapist and his foster mother to determine when


                                            62
[Richard] is lying or when he is telling the truth.” Regarding a December 18, 2024

session with Timothy, the therapist wrote—and the caseworker read into the record

at trial—that “[t]he therapist used addressed [sic] the issue of what appears to be

[Timothy’s] telling untruths/lying because it appears to be escalating. . . . The

therapist will be recommending that [Timothy’s] foster mother keep track of how

much [Timothy] lies in the course of the day.” The lack of the therapist’s live

testimony did not deprive Father of presenting evidence concerning the therapist’s

assessment of the children’s credibility.

      3.     Father’s testimony

      Father complains that his trial counsel did not solicit any testimony from him

rebutting the abuse allegations against him. As with the children’s testimony,

Father’s trial counsel could have made a strategic decision not to ask Father

questions concerning the abuse allegations. There is nothing in the record to suggest

that “any positive result would have been served” by trial counsel asking Father to

rebut the abuse allegations against him. See In re K.S., 420 S.W.3d 852, 857 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2014) (rejecting ineffective-assistance claim on appeal where

father could not show harm by failure of counsel to call him to testify). Additionally,

those allegations are the subject of a criminal charge pending at the time of trial for

which Father was arrested. Father’s trial counsel could have concluded that it was in

Father’s interest to remain silent and preserve his Fifth Amendment right against


                                            63
self-incrimination. See Ex parte Butler, 522 S.W.2d 196, 197-98 (Tex. 1975) (noting

that, in a civil case, witness can assert Fifth Amendment on question-by-question

basis and testifying does not waive the privilege).

      4.     Motion for new trial

      Lastly, Father complains that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance

of counsel by not filing a motion for new trial. Father contends that, by not filing

such a motion, trial counsel prejudiced his defense, precluding him from arguing on

appeal that the Department abandoned certain grounds for termination of his parent-

child relationship with Timothy and Richard. See In re I.L., 580 S.W.3d 227, 244

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2019, pet. dism’d) (noting that filing a motion for new

trial is required for appellate review of judgment granting unrequested relief (citing

M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 549)); TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) (requiring that, generally, a party

must complain to trial court first to preserve complaint for appellate review).

      Whether trial counsel’s decision not to file a motion for new trial was

objectively unreasonable depends on whether the complaint has merit. I.L., 580

S.W.3d at 244. In arguing harm, Father relies on D.V. v. Texas Department of Family

& Protective Services, 722 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. 2025). In D.V., the Texas Supreme

Court held that the Department abandoned its request for termination of the parent-

child relationship where the Department’s representative testified that the

Department did not seek termination and the Department did not correct or rebut that


                                         64
testimony. Id. at 861-62. In contrast, here, Father does not contend that the

Department abandoned its request for termination. Rather, he argues that the

Department abandoned certain bases to support any finding that termination was in

the children’s best interest.

      When asked why termination of Father’s parent-child relationship was in the

best interest of both children, Warren—the children’s caseworker and the

Department’s representative—testified, “The reason why we’re asking that the rights

are terminated is because . . . [Father] has not done any services whatsoever.” Father

contends that Warren’s failure to identify other reasons in response to this question

means that no other reasons can support the trial court’s best-interest findings. We

disagree. Unlike in D.V., the Department here did not abandon its request for

termination. See id. at 859 (noting that Department’s representative confirmed that

Department was “not seeking to terminate [Mother]’s rights”). Additionally, the

Department did not explicitly repudiate any bases to support a best-interest finding.

Father relies on omissions in response to a single question rather than affirmative

statements in the record. Elsewhere in the record, Warren testified to the

Department’s concerns regarding Father. Warren testified that the Department was

concerned about the parents’ neglectful supervision, the sex-abuse allegations

against Father, and Father’s failure to rectify the conditions that caused the

children’s removal. Because Father does not carry his burden to establish a


                                         65
reasonable probability that he would have avoided termination but for his counsel’s

failure to file a motion for new trial, we conclude he has not shown that his counsel’s

failure to file such a motion prejudiced his defense.

                             Managing Conservatorship

      Mother contends that the trial court erred in naming the Department as

permanent managing conservator of Timothy and Richard. Because we have

overruled Mother’s challenges to the portion of the trial court’s order terminating

her parental rights, the trial court’s order has divested Mother of her legal rights and

duties related to both children. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.206(b) (“[A]n order

terminating the parent-child relationship divests the parent and the child of all legal

rights and duties with respect to each other . . . .”). When, as here, we affirm the trial

court’s termination of parental rights, the parent lacks standing to challenge the trial

court’s appointment of a conservator. In re J.D.G., 570 S.W.3d 839, 856 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied); In re R.J., 579 S.W.3d 97, 120 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. denied); In re A.F.S., No. 01-18-00457-CV,

2018 WL 5539486, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 30, 2018, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (noting that “appealing party cannot complain of errors that do not harm

her or that affect only the rights of others”). Because Mother lacks standing, we

overrule her challenge to the Department’s appointment as permanent managing

conservator.


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                   Constitutionality of Parental-Rights Termination

       Lastly, Father contends that termination of his parental rights must satisfy

strict scrutiny. He argues that the parent-child relationship cannot be terminated

unless termination is the least restrictive means to satisfy a compelling governmental

interest. If less-restrictive alternatives are available, termination does not survive

strict scrutiny.

       To preserve a complaint for appellate review, the record must show, among

other things, that the party timely complained to the trial court and “stated the

grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial court with

sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the

specific grounds were apparent from the context.” TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). Nothing

in the record demonstrates that Father complained to the trial court either before or

after the final order that termination must satisfy strict scrutiny. Accordingly, this

issue is not preserved for our review. See In re Z.D., No. 05-25-00138-CV, 2025 WL

2211477, at *9 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 4, 2025, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding

that parent must complain to trial court first to preserve argument that termination

must satisfy strict scrutiny); In re L.M.I., 119 S.W.3d 707, 710-11 (Tex. 2003)

(concluding that parent in parental-rights termination suit failed to preserve

constitutional due-process complaint where not raised in trial court).




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      We recognize that the constitutional provision on which Father relies did not

yet exist when the trial court issued the final order terminating his parental rights.

As Father notes, on November 4, 2025—after entry of the final order and the same

day he filed his notice of appeal—the Texas Constitution was amended to add

section 37 to article I, which reads:

      To enshrine truths that are deeply rooted in this nation’s history and
      traditions, the people of Texas hereby affirm that a parent has the
      responsibility to nurture and protect the parent’s child and the
      corresponding fundamental right to exercise care, custody, and control
      of the parent’s child, including the right to make decisions concerning
      the child’s upbringing.

TEX. CONST. art. I, § 37. Although the constitutional amendment is new, our state’s

recognition of a parent’s “fundamental right to exercise care, custody, and control”

is not. Section 37’s text tracks the language of our jurisprudence. Prior to section

37’s adoption, the Texas Supreme Court has long recognized that parents have the

“fundamental right to make decisions concerning ‘the care, the custody, and control

of their children.’” In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2014) (quoting Troxel v.

Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, (2000); and citing Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20

(Tex. 1985)). Section 37 “affirm[s]” that right. Even before Section 37’s adoption,

Father could have raised his constitutional complaint in the trial court.

      Moreover, even if this complaint was preserved for our review, we conclude

that existing protections sufficiently safeguarded Father’s constitutional rights, and

we decline to apply a strict-scrutiny review to the trial court’s termination order.

                                          68
When deciding whether a statute or the state’s conduct unduly infringes on the

fundamental rights of parents, the supreme court has never applied strict scrutiny.

See In re Mays-Hooper, 189 S.W.3d 777, 778 (Tex. 2006) (avoiding determination

of which standard applied and concluding “because the facts here are virtually the

same [as in Troxel], the judgment must be the same too”); In re C.J.C., 603 S.W.3d

804, 814 n.49 (Tex. 2020) (same); In re H.S., 550 S.W.3d 151, 175 (Tex. 2018)

(Blacklock, J., dissenting) (“While the Supreme Court has broadly recognized the

constitutional interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children,

the Court has not articulated a standard of review by which to judge the

constitutionality of infringements upon parents’ rights.”). In any event, the best-

interest analysis necessarily implicates whether termination of the parent-child

relationship is the least-restrictive means to accomplish the compelling

governmental interest in protecting the children. See In re M.B., ___ S.W.3d ___,

___, No. 14-25-00418-CV, 2025 WL 3275376, at *16 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] Nov. 25, 2025, no pet. h.) (“Mother’s argument that termination was not the

least restrictive solution or was not narrowly tailored is considered in various factors

of the best-interest analysis.”); Edwards v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory

Servs., 946 S.W.2d 130, 139 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, no writ) (“[T]he

requirement to show that the termination is in the best interest of the child coupled

with the clear and convincing standard of proof . . . guarantees the constitutionality


                                          69
of termination proceedings. A separate consideration of alternatives to termination

is not required.”), disapproved on other grounds by In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256

(Tex. 2002); cf. In re S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d 73, 91 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, writ ref’d

n.r.e.) (noting that “severance of the parent-child relationship will survive

constitutional scrutiny only if . . . it is impossible to achieve the goal through any

less restrictive means”). In addition, in suits brought by the Department, as here,

courts generally “may not order termination . . . unless the court finds by clear and

convincing evidence” that “the department made reasonable efforts to return the

child to the parent before commencement of a trial on the merits and despite those

reasonable efforts, a continuing danger remains in the home that prevents the return

of the child to the parent . . . .” TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(f). Because the best-

interest analysis and clear-and-convincing-evidence standard “guarantee[] the

constitutionality of termination proceedings,” Edwards, 946 S.W.2d at 139, we

decline to apply a separate strict-scrutiny review to a final order terminating parental

rights.

                                        Conclusion

          We affirm the trial court’s order.




                                                      Amparo “Amy” Guerra
                                                      Justice

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Panel consists of Chief Justice Adams and Justices Guerra and Guiney.




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